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Body Systems: The Basics
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
Functionally, the nervous system also has two components: a sensory division and a motor division, or the input and output channels of the nervous system. The sensory division is responsible for collecting sensory information via receptors (specialized structures in skin or other peripheral tissues) in the PNS and transmitting this information to the CNS. Parts of the brain and spinal cord interpret the signals. Sensory information from the special senses of vision, hearing, smell, and taste travel to the brain via the cranial nerves. The rest of the sensory division is divided into somatic (related to structures of the body wall) components and visceral (related to the internal organs) components. The somatic senses are senses a wearable product may directly activate: touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temperature, and proprioception (the sense combining position in space, balance, and/or movement in the muscular and skeletal systems). Visceral senses include pain and stretch of organ walls. Visceral senses may be affected by wearable products, but we are not as consciously aware of these senses.
Resnet-Unet-FSOA based cranial nerve segmentation and medial axis extraction using MRI images
Published in The Imaging Science Journal, 2023
Within the central and peripheral nervous systems, nerves are contiguous bundles of axons that connect the brain to tissues. They are used to either send sensory information to the brain or relay brain motor commands to tissues (CNS, PNS). In neurosurgical procedures, cranial nerves are susceptible to iatrogenic damage, particularly when they are close to skull-base malignancies that need to be removed. Traction, transection, stretching, and impingement are some of the ways that nerves can be injured. According to reviews of nerve injuries, iatrogenic causes may account for up to 17.4% of these [17]. Cranial nerves are accountable for most of the human pleasure through hearing, smelling, eyesight, and tasting and also for non-speaking interaction of our emotions by means of facial expressions that states everyone as unique [2,18–20]. Cranial nerves are highly risky structures at the time of the neurosurgical process interior and exterior of the skull base that causes damage to loss of vision, facial paralysis, or hearing, which are related to life-changing morbidity [21]. The contribution of cranial nerves happens owing to their closeness to the location of infection [7,22,23]. The segmentation of cranial nerves based on the actual colour of medical images is in critical requirement and has better research as well as development forecasts [24]. Cranial nerves are at danger to iatrogenic damage in the neurosurgery process, particularly closer to skull base cancers, which should be extirpated [25]. There are XII pairs of cranial nerves that arise from the brainstem or brain, leave the skull by means of cranial-foramina as well as innervate several parts of the neck and head [21]. With an exemption of cranial nerve I and cranial nerve II, the remaining nerves leave the brain stem from ponto-mesencephalic junction to medulla oblongata, pass by means of basal cisterns as well as peri-mesencephalic and leave the intra-cranial section through neurovascular foramina of skull base from front to back [18]. The brainstem is located in the posterior cranial fossa, which is classified into three transverse areas. The major caudal is the medulla, the central or middle portion is the pons and lastly, the rostral part is the mesencephalon or midbrain [26].