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Body Systems: The Basics
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
Functionally, the nervous system also has two components: a sensory division and a motor division, or the input and output channels of the nervous system. The sensory division is responsible for collecting sensory information via receptors (specialized structures in skin or other peripheral tissues) in the PNS and transmitting this information to the CNS. Parts of the brain and spinal cord interpret the signals. Sensory information from the special senses of vision, hearing, smell, and taste travel to the brain via the cranial nerves. The rest of the sensory division is divided into somatic (related to structures of the body wall) components and visceral (related to the internal organs) components. The somatic senses are senses a wearable product may directly activate: touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temperature, and proprioception (the sense combining position in space, balance, and/or movement in the muscular and skeletal systems). Visceral senses include pain and stretch of organ walls. Visceral senses may be affected by wearable products, but we are not as consciously aware of these senses.
Resnet-Unet-FSOA based cranial nerve segmentation and medial axis extraction using MRI images
Published in The Imaging Science Journal, 2023
Anatomy, as well as physiological and pathological processes in the human body, is visualized and analysed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [1]. It acts as a famous and powerful tool in the field of medical imaging that is utilized in various treatment processes [2]. It is also an efficient tool for diagnosis in most medicinal treatments, where image segmentation occupies a significant part [3,4]. MRI utilizes potential and efficient magnetic fields as well as radio waves for generating images of internal organs in a body [5,6]. It offers more brief information about the internal organs while comparing to other imaging modalities [7–11]. Particularly, MRI is an initial phase while dealing with the huge level of clinical issues [12]. The structure of the human brain is deformable and also comprises complicated boundaries among diverse areas. The probable applications of MRI in clinical observations are the classification of brain tissue or else segmenting of normal as well as pathological tissues [3,13]. MRI is a high standard for cranial nerve delineation, anatomy courses, and pathological alterations. Using higher resolution MRI, smaller processing with resulting cranial nerve dysfunction can also be visualized [14]. The cranial nerves anatomy is complicated and the estimation of patients having cranial neuropathies needs a very deep understanding of the actual course related to these significant structures [15]. The human body comprises of twelve pairs of cranial nerves, which control the motor as well as sensory operations of the neck and head [16].