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Upper extremity injuries
Published in Youlian Hong, Roger Bartlett, Routledge Handbook of Biomechanics and Human Movement Science, 2008
Ronald F. Zernicke, William C. Whiting, Sarah L. Manske
Acromioclavicular injury results from directly or indirectly applied forces. Direct impacts to the acromion (when the humerus is adducted) can force the acromion inferiorly and medially (Buss and Watts, 2003). Injury from indirect forces typically involves a fall onto an outstretched arm or elbow with a superiorly directed force. Either mechanism can lead to ligamentous injury and/or fracture of the distal one-third of the clavicle. The severity of the injury increases with the magnitude of the applied impact force: lower forces produce a mild sprain of the acromioclavicular ligament, greater forces produce moderate acromioclavicular ligament sprain and involvement of the coracoclavicular ligament, while maximal forces result in complete acromioclavicular dislocation with tearing of the clavicular attachments to the deltoid and trapezius muscle and rupture of the coracoclavicular ligament (Figure 28.3).
Musculoskeletal system
Published in David A Lisle, Imaging for Students, 2012
Acromioclavicular (AC) joint dislocation produces widening of the AC joint space and elevation of the outer end of the clavicle. The underlying pathology is tearing of the coracoclavicular ligaments, seen radiographically as increased distance between the undersurface of the clavicle and the coracoid process. Radiographic signs may be subtle and a weight-bearing view may be useful in doubtful cases (Fig. 8.19).
Developing commotio cordis injury metrics for baseball safety: unravelling the connection between chest force and rib deformation to left ventricle strain and pressure
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Grant J. Dickey, Kewei Bian, Habib R. Khan, Haojie Mao
Impact responses were analyzed using the chest of the CHARM-10 model developed at Wayne State University (Shen et al. 2016), which represents an average 10-year-old child. This detailed FE model includes 742,087 elements and 504,775 nodes. This model used 8-node hexahedral elements and a multi-block approach. Selectively reduced integration was used with hourglass control type 4, which is a Flanagan and Belytschko stiffness control (Flanagan and Belytschko 1981), and a parameter of 0.1 for soft tissue. The model contains all major anatomical structures based on detailed clinical scans of 10-year-old children (Mao et al. 2014), including 12 pairs of ribs, the spinal column from T1-T12 and L1-L5, scapula, sternum, clavicle, humerus, cartilage and ligaments, lungs, heart, kidney, liver, spleen, stomach, gallbladder, intestines, diaphragm, all major arteries (e.g. Aorta), costal cartilage, glenoid cartilage, intercostal muscles, coracoclavicular ligament, and coracoacromial ligaments. Another advantage of the chest model is that the model has been validated based on both data collected through cardiopulmonary resuscitation on live subjects (Jiang et al. 2014) and impact data collected on PMHS (Jiang et al. 2013). Alongside the validated chest model, a baseball model with a radius of 37.5 mm was created with the material property being defined based on the literature (Vedula, 2004).