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Recent Advances in Materials Science and Engineering Contributing to the Infection Diseases
Published in Peerawatt Nunthavarawong, Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa, Suchart Siengchin, Mathew Thoppil-Mathew, Antimicrobial and Antiviral Materials, 2022
Sabarish Radoor, Aswathy Jayakumar, Jasila Karayil, Jyothi Mannekote Shivanna, Jyotishkumar Parameswaranpillai, Suchart Siengchin
Pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi are mainly responsible for causing infectious diseases. Infectious diseases can transmit either directly or indirectly and, in most cases, are contagious. For instance, flu, chickenpox, AIDS, etc. are contagious and termed the global killer. Recently, COVID-19, a highly infectious disease caused by the corona virus, has shaken the entire world. In a short period, nearly 40 lakhs of people have lost their life due to COVID. The antiviral drug has been employed to treat infectious diseases: however, many bacterial and viral strains become resistant to the drug and increase mortality. Also, Some pathogens (for example corona) show genetic variation over time, and finding an appropriate drug for such a disease is a tedious job. Hence, it is high time to find novel materials that have the efficiency to curb infectious diseases. Nanomaterials possess excellent antibacterial properties. The antibacterial property of the nanomaterials could be tuned by varying their size and structure. Metal nanoparticles have been successfully employed to destroy disease-causing bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus [1—3].
Airborne Contagious Disease
Published in Harriet A. Burge, Bioaerosols, 2020
Control can focus on one or more of these factors. The control of most contagious disease today is centered on immunization (preventing susceptibility) and the use of antibiotics (killing the agent within the host, thereby preventing release of virulent organisms). Both immunization and antibiotics have dramatically decreased the incidence of many diseases. In fact, it is now considered that smallpox (a highly contagious airborne disease) has been eliminated from the world population entirely through intensive immunization programs (Henderson, 1976). Likewise, tuberculosis has been considered under control (at least in some parts of the world) because antibiotics effectively render tuberculosis patients noninfective. It is because antibiotics are so effective against most forms of tuberculosis that extensive transmission to health care workers has not occurred in clinics devoted to the care of tuberculosis patients. This is also one of the reasons why there is so much concern over the newly emergent multiply drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Edlin et al., 1992).
Biological Terrorist Agents
Published in Robert A. Burke, Counter-Terrorism for Emergency Responders, 2017
This bacterial illness may develop into enteric fever with septicemia or focal infection in any tissue of the body. Outbreaks and locations are similar to those of the other Salmonella bacteria. The infectious dose is 1,000 organisms by ingestion. Modes of transmission and incubation periods are similar to Salmonella spp. Carriers are contagious throughout the infection, which can last for several days to several weeks. Antibiotic treatment can prolong the period in which the disease is contagious. Survival outside the host can occur for up to 450 days in pig meat and 38 days in sludge. Organisms can be excreted for over 1 year by 1% of the infected adults and 5% of the children. Sensitivities and disinfectants are the same as for Salmonella spp.
A formally verified authentication protocol in secure framework for mobile healthcare during COVID-19-like pandemic
Published in Connection Science, 2021
Shaik Shakeel Ahamad, Al-Sakib Khan Pathan
As reported in various reliable sources from the medical community, COVID-19 patients can show various types of symptoms like fever, cough, muscle pain, sore throat, shortness of breath, etc. (Symptoms, 2020). Due to the nature of the disease, it is classified as highly contagious. In such case or similar disease condition, when a patient needs emergency treatment or in the ICU (Intensive Care Unit), various types of bodily conditions need to be measured like low oxygen level in blood or hypoxia, high temperature, irregular pulse or heart rate, and so on (Wei-Hass, 2020), (Cardiac, 2020). A key requirement is as less physical contact with the patient as possible. Here, BSN could be very useful. Indeed, today there are various types of body sensors to automatically monitor body temperature, oxygen saturation, blood pressure, pulse rate, etc. (Khan & Pathan, 2018), (Zhang et al., 2020).
PVP-microneedle array for drug delivery: mechanical insight, biodegradation, and recent advances
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Keisham Nelson Mangang, Pragati Thakran, Jitu Halder, Kuldeep Singh Yadav, Goutam Ghosh, Deepak Pradhan, Goutam Rath, Vineet Kumar Rai
Immunization is a method of preventing the spread of contagious diseases. Immunization is done in healthy individuals, even if they do not spread the disease. Millions of people and animals are saved each year by this process. To administer the vaccine, doctors utilize hypodermic needles. Sometimes these needles become the major cause of discomfort due to painful administration. A transdermal application of MNs is considered as effective as needle-syringe injections. Hence, drugs are delivered through the skin by breaching the stratum corneum, the outermost barrier layer, irrespective of their molecular weight or polarity. Most vaccines are injected into the deep skin layers containing Langerhans and dendritic cells, MNs could be an efficient approach for the same [67].