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Liver and biliary system, pancreas and spleen
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
CT will also detect biliary dilatation and often reveal the cause when ultrasound is unable to do so, e.g. distal common bile duct (CBD) stone and pancreatic head mass. A severely inflamed gallbladder can be difficult to assess on ultrasound and CT can show the extent of the inflammatory process, including involvement of the liver. CT is also needed for staging in the rare gallbladder carcinoma. Ultrasound, however, is more sensitive at detection of gallstones in the uncomplicated patient and is the first-line investigation, and MRCP is more accurate than CT at assessment of the extrahepatic bile duct.
Occupational toxicology of the liver
Published in Chris Winder, Neill Stacey, Occupational Toxicology, 2004
The liver cells secrete the bile, and this collects in the bile canaliculi, which then unite to form bile ducts. These bile ducts all eventually unite, forming the common hepatic duct, which is joined by a branch, the cystic duct, which leads from the gall bladder. This is on the inferior surface of the liver, and is the storage site for bile. The common bile duct leads from the gall bladder to the pancreatic duct, forming a common duct that opens into the duodenum (the first section of the small intestine) (O’Grady et al. 2000).
Another target organ?
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2019
The route of exposure of most obvious concern is clearly oral and there are an abundance of ways that a food or water contaminant, a food additive or residue, or an inhaled and aspirated material might reach and affect the gut microbiome. Of course, they would have to get through the stomach and its acidity first. The stomach is normally almost sterile (in adults), except in serious disease and Helicobacter pylori infection. Once beyond the pylorus, however, there is little to impede further growth and the reservoir for the microbiome appears to be the cecum, a sac at the transition from the small intestine to the colon, where the appendix lies. Many xenobiotics are metabolized in the liver and excreted in bile, both organic compounds and metals. Many of these are of toxicological interest, such as organochlorine compounds and mercury. Iron, important in the inflammatory response, has long been known to be concentrated in bile.4 The common bile duct carries the secreted bile to the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine, just downstream from this transition. At this point, xenobiotics concentrated from the circulation meet the microbiome by a route independent of ingestion.