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Emerging Trends in Nanotechnology for Diagnosis and Therapy of Lung Cancer
Published in Alok Dhawan, Sanjay Singh, Ashutosh Kumar, Rishi Shanker, Nanobiotechnology, 2018
Nanda Rohra, Manish Gore, Sathish Dyawanapelly, Mahesh Tambe, Ankit Gautam, Meghna Suvarna, Ratnesh Jain, Prajakta Dandekar
Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Although chemotherapy is commonly employed to treat lung cancer, it requires administration of high doses of drugs due to factors like low bioavailability, body clearance, and so on. Chemotherapeutic drugs are generally administered through intravenous and oral routes. Both mono- and combined chemotherapy have been employed for treating lung cancer. Drugs like cisplatin and carboplatin are platinum-based drugs that are considered the standard regimen for lung cancer monotherapy (de Castria et al. 2013). Due to their dose, limiting side effects such as nephrotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, anemia, intestinal injury, peripheral neuropathy, and so on, monotherapy is no longer considered a viable option. Also in the case of monotherapy, the cancer acquires an immediate drug resistance that can be overcome by using the drugs in suitable combinations. Combination therapy involves two or more drugs to overcome the effects of monotherapy, thereby reducing the dosage required for each and increasing the therapeutic effectiveness of an individual drug. Drugs commonly used in this therapy include a combination of platinum drugs with paclitaxel, gemcitabine, etoposide, vinblastine, and so on (Babu et al. 2013). For example, a combination of cisplatin or carboplatin with at least one of the other drugs like paclitaxel (Taxol), etoposide, and doxorubicin has commonly been employed for treating lung cancer (de Castria et al. 2013).
Gold Nanorods for Diagnostics and Photothermal Therapy of Cancer
Published in Tuan Vo-Dinh, Nanotechnology in Biology and Medicine, 2017
Xiaohua Huang, Mostafa A. El-Sayed
One of the most promising methods to enhance cancer therapy is to combine PTT with other treatment modalities. Combination therapy is more effective than individual treatments due to additive or synergistic effects. Significant amount of studies have demonstrated the success of combining Au NR-assisted PTT with chemotherapy [71–81] and Au NR-assisted PTT with PDT [82–84]. When chemotherapy is involved, the chemotherapeutic drugs can be diffused into tumor cells and thus kill tumor cells that cannot be reached by light. When PDT is used, cell death can be induced dually by the localized PDT and PTT. In PDT, photosensitizer absorbs light energy and is excited from ground state to a high-energy state that transfers energy to neighboring oxygen, leading to production of high-energy reactive oxygen species (ROS) mainly singlet oxygen (1O2) to kill cancer cells [85–87]. Thus, the photosensitizers can also be used to image cancer cell and tumor.
Gold Nanoparticles as Promising Agents for Cancer Therapy
Published in Hala Gali-Muhtasib, Racha Chouaib, Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Treatment, 2020
Nadine Karaki, Hassan Hajj Ali, Assem El Kak
Cancer is a generic term for a broad group of diseases that can affect any parts of the body and cause abnormal and uncontrolled cell division, associated with malignancy, such as invasion and metastasis. Metastasis is the process by which tumor cells proliferate and spread throughout the body to reach other organs and is the principal reason for the mortality of patients with cancer. Despite the enormous progress made in the modern medical sciences, cancer remains one of the leading causes of death in the world [1]. Nowadays, surgery is the first treatment used for the removal of the tumor; it is often followed by intrusive processes such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormone therapy [2], targeted therapy such as immunotherapy [3], or combined therapy [4, 5]. Although all these intrusive treatments have some limitations and side effects, the main limitation of combination therapy is the cumulative toxicity of normal tissues caused by the combined modalities used [6]. Hence, scientists have made remarkable efforts to minimize adverse effects by using selective methods to target cancer cells. The field of nanomedicine research has evolved rapidly and has been integrated with existing therapies and imaging to destroy cancer cells while causing much less damage to normal cells. Researchers have developed organic (e.g., polymers, liposomes, dendrimers) and inorganic nanosystems (e.g., quantum dot, magnetic, polystyrene, and metallic) for the treatment of cancer [7]. Among the inorganic metallic nanoparticles (NPs), tremendous progress has been made in the synthesis and functionalization of spherical gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and their use in cancer therapy and biomedical applications due to their excellent biocompatibility and stability, and their enhanced properties. Recent studies in cancer research show that the incorporation of GNPs into different treatment modalities such as radiation therapy, chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT) and targeted drug delivery has improved tumor cell destruction [8, 9].
Advanced methods of spinal stimulation in the treatment of chronic pain: pulse trains, waveforms, frequencies, targets, and feedback loops
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2019
Ankit Maheshwari, Jason E. Pope, Timothy R. Deer, Steven Falowski
Recently, an SCS System was approved to give combination therapy, the ability to layer waveforms simultaneously (Boston Scientific, Waverider). By layering more than one therapy at the same time and delivering multiple therapies over time, combination therapy is designed to provide more thorough and longer-lasting relief to the most patients possible. In recent studies, only 10% of patients preferred combination therapy, so the utility of this system has yet to be shown in a prospective fashion. Rates from 2 to 1200 Hz, Bursts from 2 to 1000 pulses per packet are options. In theory, the purpose of this system is to use multiple therapies sequentially, which may improve treatment outcomes and help address habituation, but evidence-based studies are needed to show any possible utilities of this theoretical treatment.
Mixed convective flow of blood biofluids containing magnetite ferroparticles past a vertical flat plate: shapes-based analysis
Published in Waves in Random and Complex Media, 2022
Abdullah Dawar, Saeed Islam, Asifa Tassaddiq, Zahir Shah, Wejdan Deebani, Amjid Rashid
For the foreseeable future, the nanotechnological application to medication delivery is predicted to revolutionize the landscape of the biotechnology and pharmaceutical sectors [39–47]. Pharmaceutical companies’ pipelines are reported to be drying up in many situations, and a majority of bestselling treatments will soon lose their patent protection. Although there has been considerable growth in generic medicine companies’ use of the Hatch Waxman Act, which permits them to challenge the patents of branded drugs, further reducing pharmaceutical corporations’ potential income. The development of nanotechnology products could help pharma companies add a new armamentarium of treatments to their systems. By using nanotechnology, it may have to achiever the following targets. Drug delivery in tissues or cells.Improved delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs.Transcytosis of drugs across endothelial and epithelial barriers.Combination therapy involves the co-delivery of two or more medications or therapeutic modalities.A real-time read on a therapeutic agent’s in vivo efficacy.Large macromolecule medicines delivery to intracellular action sites.Combining therapeutic drugs with imaging techniques to visualize the medication distribution locations.
The inhibitory effect of Tamarix hispida mediated silver nanoparticles on Cyclin D1 protein expression of human cancer cells line
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2020
Mohades Peydayesh, Mahammadali Raisi, Keyghobad Kaykavousi, Majid Amiri Gharaghani, Meghdad Abdollahpour-Alitappeh, Faride Mosazade, Alexander Seifalian, Mehrdad Khatami
Combination therapy is using more than one therapeutic agents to increase the efficacy of treatment. Our results show that AgNPs have good potential in controlling the proliferation of the cells by limiting Cyclin D1 protein expression. Studies have shown that phytochemicals can reduce this protein. Surprisingly, our data has exhibited the capability of Tamarix hispida extract in preventing the growth of cells by inhibiting the Cyclin D1 expression, whereas the biosynthetic silver nanoparticles significantly suppress the expression of Cyclin D1.