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Controlling and Assessing Cell–Biomaterial Interactions at the Micro- and Nanoscale: Applications in Tissue Engineering
Published in Joyce Y. Wong, Joseph D. Bronzino, Biomaterials, 2007
Jessica Kaufman, Joyce Y. Wong, Catherine Klapperich
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP3) were down regulated in 3-D collagen exposed fibroblasts compared to the tissue culture polystyrene grown cells. CTGF, which plays a role in the induction of collagen, has known involvement in matrix accumulation in fibrosis, as well as the development of excess fibrous connective tissue. TIMP3 inactivates metalloproteinases, which degrade components of the extracellular matrix thereby remodeling the tissue. By underexpressing TIMP3, it is suspected that collagen–GAG interaction encourages the reorganization of the fibroblasts extracellular matrix. The 3-D arrangement stimulated the expression of proangiogenic genes including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin (ANGPTL2). The 3-D mesh environment also yielded high expression levels of the mRNA for proteins involved in matrix remodeling such as type III collagen (COL3A1).
Gene variants previously associated with reduced soft tissue injury risk: Part 1 – independent associations with elite status in rugby
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2023
Jon Brazier, Mark R. Antrobus, Adam J. Herbert, Peter C. Callus, Georgina K. Stebbings, Stephen H. Day, Shane M. Heffernan, Liam P. Kilduff, Mark A. Bennett, Robert M. Erskine, Stuart. M. Raleigh, Malcolm Collins, Yannis. P. Pitsiladis, Alun G. Williams
Genetic variation may have a strong influence on inter-individual differences in tendon and ligament structure and function, which could alter an individual’s risk of injury. Magnusson, Turkiewicz, Hughes, Frobell, and Englund (2020) Indeed, it was recently found that ACL rupture was ∼69% heritable. Magnusson et al. (2020) Inter-individual variability of tendon and ligament properties is likely to cause microtrauma and macrotrauma at differing strain levels among individuals, thus similar injury-inciting events amongst rugby players may have vastly different outcomes Brazier et al. (2019). Type I collagen is the predominant collagen type in ligaments and tendons accounting for ∼90% in ligaments Frank (2004) and ∼95% in tendons Riley et al. (1994). The remaining 5-10% consists mainly of type III and V collagen with the other fibril forming or associated collagen types present in trace quantities Frank (2004). The diameter and formation of the type I collagen fibril is regulated by types V and III collagen amongst other molecules Banos, Thomas, and Kuo (2008). The α1 chains of types I, III and V collagen are encoded by the COL1A1, COL3A1 and COL5A1 genes, respectively. Polymorphisms (COL1A1 rs1800012, COL3A1 rs1800255, COL5A1 rs12722 and rs3196378) within these genes have previously been associated with ACL injury Khoschnau et al. (2008); Posthumus et al. (2009); Stępień-Słodkowska et al. (2015); O'Connell et al. (2015); Brown et al. (2017)