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Basic principles
Published in Michael Talbot-Smith, Audio Engineer's Reference Book, 2012
The `ear' is a term applied to both the sense of hearing and to specific parts of the system. The latter comprises the outer, middle and inner ears (Figure 1.49 ) which convert airborne sound waves into mechanical and fluid vibrations, analyse these into their frequency components and transduce these into electrical and neural signals for transmission to the brain. The neural signals undergo much further processing in the cochlear nucleus, brain-stem nuclei and higher levels of the brain, enabling us to recognize and utilize much of the complex information carried in the original waveform.
Basic principles
Published in Michael Talbot-Smith, Audio Engineer's Reference Book, 2013
John Ratcliff, Talbot-Smith Michael, J. Patrick Wilson, Louis D. Fielder, Glynne Parry, Richard Tyler, Michael Gayford, Roger Derry
The �ear� is a term applied to both the sense of hearing and to specific parts of the system. The latter comprises the outer, middle and inner ears (Figure 1.49) which convert airborne sound waves into mechanical and fluid vibrations, analyse these into their frequency components and transduce these into electrical and neural signals for transmission to the brain. The neural signals undergo much further processing in the cochlear nucleus, brain-stem nuclei and higher levels of the brain, enabling us to recognize and utilize much of the complex information carried in the original waveform.
Theory and Physiology of Electrical Stimulation of the Central Nervous System
Published in Joseph D. Bronzino, Donald R. Peterson, Biomedical Engineering Fundamentals, 2019
and Lozano, 2000), as an experimental treatment for epilepsy (Velasco et al., 2001; Hodaie et al., 2002), as well as a host of other neurological disorders (Gross, 2004). In addition, CNS stimulation is being developed for restoration of including hearing by electrical stimulation of the cochlear nucleus (Otto et al., 2002) and for restoration of vision (Brindley and Lewin, 1968; Schmidt et al., 1996; Troyk et al., 2003).
Hearing loss, lead (Pb) exposure, and noise: a sound approach to ototoxicity exploration
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2018
Krystin Carlson, Richard L. Neitzel
Studies displaying positive results for auditory dysfunction following high doses of Pb predominately used auditory brainstem response (ABR) and analysis of thresholds or waveforms. ABR can be performed in humans and rodents; five main waves are measured as neuronal signals pass from the cochlea to the auditory cortex in the brain. These main waves comprise an afferent pathway traveling sequentially through five major components of auditory processing: Eighth cranial nerve fibers beginning in the cochlea; eighth cranial nerve fiber upon entry to the Cochlear nucleus; action potentials exiting the cochlear nucleus and projecting to the superior Olivary complex; the signal in the Lateral lemniscus; and finally the Inferior colliculus within the midbrain of the brainstem (easily remembered as the underlined text shows ECOLI) (Jewett and Williston 1971; Picton et al. 1974). Following this succession of action potentials, the afferent signal is sent to the medial geniculate within the thalamus and further to the auditory cortex where processing occurs within the temporal lobe (Bartlett 2013). These last processing steps are essential for understanding and recognition of human speech.