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Estimation of Bacterial Numbers by Indirect Methods
Published in Maria Csuros, Csaba Csuros, Klara Ver, Microbiological Examination of Water and Wastewater, 2018
Maria Csuros, Csaba Csuros, Klara Ver
Gram-positive cocci that are catalase positive belong to the family Micrococcaceae, which includes the Staphylococci. The clumping factor test is used to screen quickly for isolates of S. aureus, which are almost always coagulase positive. The clumping factor is a cell-associated substance that binds plasma fibrinogen, causing agglutination of the organisms by binding them together with aggregated fibrinogen. Those organisms that produce the clumping factor also elaborate the coagulase enzyme and can be identified presumptively as S. aureus. Place a coagulase plasma (rabbit plasma with EDTA or citrate, commercially available) on a clean, dry slide.Place a drop of distilled water next to the drop of plasma as a control.With a loop or wooden stick, emulsify an amount of the isolated colony being tested in each drop, and inoculate the water first. Try to create a smooth suspension.Watch for clumping in the coagulase plasma drop and a smooth, homogenous suspension in the control. Clumping in both drops indicates that the organism autoagglutinates and is suitable for this test. Positive organisms, such as S. aureus, exhibit immediate aggregation visible to the naked eye.
Effect of laminar airflow unit diffuser size on pathogen particle distribution in an operating room
Published in Science and Technology for the Built Environment, 2020
Aleyna Agirman, Yunus Emre Cetin, Mete Avci, Orhan Aydin
Operating rooms (ORs) are controlled areas that have effect on both the comfort and health of the surgical personnel and patient. Although the surgical techniques are improved, surgical site infections (SSIs) are still a major problem in ORs. SSIs are defined as infection related to a surgical procedure that occurs at the incision site within 30 or 90 days. These infections can be superficial or deep incisional infections, as well as infections involving organs and body cavities (Mangram et al. 2000). SSIs are classified as the second most common nosocomial infections with a rate of 14-16% after urinary tract infections (Lin et al. 2017). It increases morbidity and mortality rates, hospitalization time and patient dissatisfaction. Moreover, these infections can impose a significant economic burden on healthcare systems. It is reported that the healthcare cost of a patient who developed SSI increased by 115% on average compared to a patient without an infection (Broex et al. 2009). The type of pathogen particles that is responsible of SSI changes depending on the surgical procedure. The most common pathogens are Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase – negative staphylococci, Enterococcus spp. and Escherichia coli (Owens and Stoessel 2008). Among these organisms, Staphylococcus aureus is the most known organism and accounts for 15-20% of SSIs (Anderson and Kaye 2009; Kaye et al. 2008). Recently, many types of Staph bacteria have been described as a global threat because most of them are resistant to many antibiotics (Davies et al. 2013).