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Development of Crystal-Laser Physics (Short Historical Remarks)
Published in Alexander A. Kaminskii, Crystalline Lasers:, 2020
Only pioneering publications on SE excitation at the wavelength of a particular generation channel were included in the preceding discussion. These works cannot, of course, reflect fully the contemporary level of research investigations. This problem in the physics of crystalline lasers was and will be the most difficult one. One can say that its solution depends very strongly on the selection of the host and, thus, on knowledge of laser crystals. Each year, as was already noted in preceding sections, the number of new laser compounds increases and the volume of functional laser schemes is expanded. Therefore, new possibilities are arising for each SE channel of Ln3+ ions, and also for pair activators and even, in some cases, activator-coactivator combinations. The following data on laser channels of Ln3+ activators in some of the most-used host crystals15,32,75 can help in the selection of the compound and activator for obtaining SE generation at a given wavelength.
Polysaccharide Carriers for Induction and Evaluation of Tissue Regeneration and Drug Delivery
Published in Akhilesh Vikram Singh, Bang-Jing Li, Polysaccharides in Advanced Drug Delivery, 2020
Jun-ichiro Jo, Yasuhiko Tabata
RNA interference (RNAi) has been recognized as a phenomenon that messenger RNA (mRNA) is sequence-specifically degraded to suppress the biological function of the corresponding protein[67]. Induction of this RNAi by a siRNA has been scientifically and therapeutically noted in cell biology. The siRNA-based mRNA-specific suppression will be able to artificially enhance or suppress the level of the subsequent gene expression, resulting in the biological manipulation of cell functions. We used spermine-dextran as a transfection carrier of siRNA for the gene suppression of MSC (Figure 1.7A)[68]. It has been reported that MSC are preferably differentiated into osteoblasts rather than adipocytes by a transcription coactivator containing PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) endogenously present[68]. Transfection of TAZ- siRNA complex with spermine-dextran (Figure 1.7B) enabled MSC to promote their differentiation into adipocytes (Figure 1.7C). This is a promising and new technology to control the differentiation direction of cells, which is different from the conventional methodology where the culture medium is modified.
Applications of Pluripotent Stem Cells in the Therapy and Modeling of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases
Published in Deepak A. Lamba, Patient-Specific Stem Cells, 2017
Suranjit Mukherjee, Shuibing Chen
The adipose tissue organ is another pivotal player in the pathogenesis of diabetes and insulin resistance, specifically obesity-related T2DM. Adipocytes are characterized by two distinct types in mice and humans: white adipocytes and brown adipocytes. White adipocytes are primarily involved in energy storage, taking glucose from circulation and converting it to triacylglycerides to be used as needed by the organism. Brown adipocytes are the mirror opposite, taking the chemical energy stored in their lipid droplets and converting it to heat to primarily maintain core body temperature. In 2012, a third and novel type of adipocyte was identified in mice called beige adipocytes (21). These adipocytes maintain many of the functional properties of brown adipocytes but emerge in white fat depots specifically upon cold exposure or high-fat diet challenge. Human brown adipose tissue has also been shown to express markers that are characteristic of beige cells over classical brown adipose tissue (22). Developmentally, adipocytes arise from mesenchymal cells that originate from the mesoderm, although it has been reported that adipocytes can be derived from neuroectodermal neural crest cells (23,24). At the molecular level, adipocyte development and differentiation are governed by the master regulatory transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), along with members of the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (CEBP) family (25,26). The transcription factors PR domain containing 16 (PRDM16) and PPARγ coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1α) have been shown to be critical to lineage commitment and function of brown adipocytes (27).
Direct and cost-effective method for histone isolation from cultured mammalian cells
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2023
Anja Batel, Mirjana Polović, Mateo Glumac, Andrea Gelemanović, Matilda Šprung, Ivana Marinović Terzić
RNA was isolated from HeLa cells using TRIzol™ Reagent (Invitrogen, 15596026), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Reverse transcription was performed with 1 µg of total RNA according to the manufacturer’s instructions using a High-Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Applied Biosystems, 4368814). The final 20 µl of cDNA was diluted to 200 µl with nuclease-free water. Each qRT-PCR reaction was prepared with 3.75 µl nuclease-free water, 7.5 µl 2× iTaq™ Universal SYBR® Green Supermix (Bio-Rad, 1725121), 0.75 µl of both primers [10 mM each (Microsynth)] and 3 µl of diluted cDNA. Primers were designed for nuclear protein, a coactivator of histone transcription (NPAT), and a reference gene RPS23. qRT-PCR was performed on CFX96 Touch Real-Time PCR Detection System (Bio-Rad) with the following thermal conditions: initial step at 95 °C for 3 min, followed by 40 cycles of 95 °C for 10 s and 60 °C for 30 s, with a final melt curve step. NPAT expression was normalized to the expression of RPS23.
Acute exercise-induced irisin release in healthy adults: Associations with training status and exercise mode
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2018
Shanhu Qiu, Edit Bosnyák, Gunnar Treff, Jürgen Michael Steinacker, Andreas Michael Nieß, Karsten Krüger, Frank Christoph Mooren, Martina Zügel, Uwe Schumann
Irisin is a myokine that is suggested to mediate the benefits of exercise by increasing energy expenditure, reducing body weight, and improving glycemic control (Boström et al., 2012). It is regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) – an exercise-responsive gene, and is released into the circulation upon the proteolytical cleavage of membrane protein fibronectin type-III domain containing protein 5 (FNDC5) (Boström et al., 2012). In addition to the extensive research on irisins’ in vitro effects (Boström et al., 2012) and its association with chronic exercise training (Qiu et al., 2015; Zhao, Su, Qu, & Dong, 2017), there is a remarkably growing interest in exploring irisin response to acute exercise recently (Archundia-Herrera et al., 2017; Daskalopoulou et al., 2014; Huh et al., 2014; Nygaard et al., 2015; Pekkala et al., 2013; Winn et al., 2017; Zügel et al., 2016). Yet findings on the acute exercise-induced nature of irisin still remain not fully elucidated.
Redox homeostasis in sport: do athletes really need antioxidant support?
Published in Research in Sports Medicine, 2019
Ambra Antonioni, Cristina Fantini, Ivan Dimauro, Daniela Caporossi
The general consensus is that, depending upon the type, frequency, duration, and intensity of exercise and/or the antioxidant capacity of the individual, ROS production and/or oxidative stress, elicited by exercise, represents stimulus for the transient activation of Stress-Activated Protein Kinase (SAPK) and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Uncontrolled or sustained activation of these signaling pathways is associated with the development and progression of cancer, neurodegenerative and cardio-metabolic diseases (Muslin, 2008; Valko et al., 2007). Differently, their controlled and/or transient activation is required for normal physiological functioning and it is known that they mediate many of the adaptations and health benefits exerted by regular exercise (Figure 1). As extensively described in referent review articles (Egan & Zierath, 2013; Hawley et al., 2014; Radak et al., 2013), exercise-induced SAPK/MAPK pathways activate important transcription factors such as c-jun, c-fos, p53, nuclear respiratory factor 2 (NFR2), nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), myocyte-enhancing factor 2 (MEF2), and ETS domain-containing protein Elk-1 (ELK1) as well as coactivators peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha and 1-beta (PGC-1α/β), most of them described as key regulators of beneficial metabolic changes counteracting the onset of cardio-metabolic diseases. Moreover, the activation of aforementioned signaling pathways is also associated with increased gene expression and the up-regulation of antioxidants defenses such as SOD1/2, CAT and GPx1 (Parker, Shaw, Stepto, & Levinger, 2017), as well as specific proteins related to stress response (Dimauro et al., 2016).