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Recombinant Antigens as Components of a Diphtheria-Tetanys-PerSüssis Vaccine
Published in Yoshikatsu Murooka, Tadayuki Imanaka, Recombinant Microbes for Industrial and Agricultural Applications, 2020
Andrew J. Makoff, Ian G. Charles, Neil F. Fairweather
Tetanus is an example of a disease, the symptoms of which are entirely accountable by the actions of a lethal toxin. Commonly, spores of the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium tetani infect a wound, and limited growth of the organism causes release of tetanus toxin. This large protein (150 kDa) is transported by retrograde axonal transport to nerve endings, where it blocks the release of neurotransmitters at inhibitory synapses. This results in uncontrolled excitation and subsequent spastic paralysis [reviewed in Refs. 2,3].
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Published in Maria Csuros, Csaba Csuros, Klara Ver, Microbiological Examination of Water and Wastewater, 2018
Maria Csuros, Csaba Csuros, Klara Ver
The main human pathogens found in soil belong to the genus Clostridium. All are anaerobic spore formers. Clostridium tetani causes tetany and can be introduced easily into a puncture wound. Clostridium botulinum causes botulism. Its spores, found on many edible plants, can survive in incompletely processed foods to produce a deadly toxin. Clostridium perfringers causes gas gangrene in poorly cleaned wounds.
An effective, simple and low-cost pretreatment for culture clarification in tetanus toxoid production
Published in Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2018
Lucía Avila, Osvaldo Cascone, Mirtha Biscoglio, Matías Fingermann
Tetanus toxin, produced by Clostridium tetani, is the responsible of a severe disease known as tetanus.2 This toxin, one of the most potent known, is an heterodimeric protein composed of one heavy chain (100 kDa) linked by a single disulfide bond to a light chain (50 kDa).3 Tetanus still remains a serious threat to public health, with over 200,000 fatal cases per year around the world.4 Chemically inactivated tetanus toxin (tetanus toxoid, TT), produced during the culture of a virulent C. tetani strain, is an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) of anti-tetanus vaccines.5,6 Tetanus toxin expression during bacterial growth is the consequence of the activation of the lytic cycle of a lysogenized-phage. Biomass removal from the fermented broth is most commonly performed by filtration.7–11 Lowering clarification costs could thus help making a more affordable production of this important API. In this direction, flocculants, a class of materials that favor solid-liquid separation, increase the efficacy of filtration trains without adversely impacting on the recovery of biopharmaceuticals.12–14 Chitosan stands out from other flocculants due to its characteristic low-cost, high accessibility, non-toxicity, and biodegradability.15 Its safety is exemplified by its increasing use as an adjuvant during the development of new vaccine formulations.16,17 In this work, chitosan is assessed for the first time as part of a primary clarification operation, with an aim on reducing membrane filtration needs and therefore the costs for secondary clarification operations, during TT production.