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Articular Cartilage Pathology and Therapies
Published in Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi, Articular Cartilage, 2017
Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Eric M. Darling, Grayson D. DuRaine, Jerry C. Hu, A. Hari Reddi
In a retrospective cross-sectional study, the follow-up costs for the first 5 years following arthroscopy and treatment for 1708 Germans between 1997 and 2001 were quantified. The treatments included mostly debridement or cartilage shaving, with abrasion arthroplasty, chondroplasty or laser chondroplasty, and microfracture or subchondral drilling performed at roughly the same frequency. Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI), osteochondral allografts, and autografts were also observed, although much less frequently. Not included in the study were cases that were Grade 4 according to the Outerbridge classification system, fully osteoarthritic, or consisting of bacterial infections or tumors. Cumulative costs associated with loss of productivity were found to be almost four times the direct costs, with those who had prior operative history on the knee spending roughly double (Upmeier et al. 2007).
Effect of polycaprolactone scaffolds containing different weights of graphene on healing in large osteochondral defect model
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Ozgur Basal, Ozlem Ozmen, Aylin Muyesser Deliormanli
Subchondral and synovial MSCs is known to regenerate cartilage under appropriate conditions. Utilizing the differentiation ability of existing MSCs is possible by expression of stimulating local factors (TGFβ, VEGF, EGF, BMP etc.) [10, 33]. A previous study on the vitro investigation of the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) response to the graphene/PCL composite scaffolds showed that samples containing 10 wt% graphene exhibited highest cell viability rates after 7, 14, and 21 days of incubation [16]. Besides, MTT experiments, live-dead cell assay and SEM observations revealed that the cells seeded onto the composite scaffolds attached and spread well on the scaffolds surface. Additionally, graphene-containing PCL scaffolds seeded by mBMSCs exhibited improved GAG formation compared to bare scaffolds [16]. Osteochondral lesions, especially in load-bearing joints, are treated with techniques such as chondroplasty, mosaicplasty, autologous chondrocyte implantation, and scaffold grafting. The success of these methods varies depending on the location of the lesion, the size of the lesion, and the systemic problems the patient has. The differentiation ability of local multipotent cells is directly related to the success of these treatments. Osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation, induction of MSCs and the need to be in the environment BMP2, ALP, TGFβ, and VEGF etc. It depends on the interaction of many factors such as growth factors [33]. BMP2, which is a potent factor in inducing chondrogenesis, has a critical role [34]. Due to some local and systemic comorbidities, these essentials cannot be produced sufficiently in the osteochondral lesion and treatments fail. In our study, local effects of PCL scaffolds containing graphene at different concentrations were investigated. At the end of 4 weeks, it was observed that BMP2 levels significantly increased in 5 wt% and 10 wt% of graphene nanoplatelets containing groups. At the end of the eighth week, striking levels of BMP2 was observed in the 10 wt% graphene group, although this difference varied among all groups. In proportion to the increase in the amount of graphene, type 1 collagen synthesis increased. 2 D Graphene-derived surfaces are potential carriers and electrochemical conductors for biological factors (BMP2, TGFβ etc.) and also help these factors stimulate collagen synthesis. In a previous in vivo study, GO (graphene oxide)-adsorbed growth factor TGFΒβ3 enhanced into a 3 D scaffold enhanced chondrogenic differentiation of hMSCs and cartilage tissue synthesis throughout the scaffold without needing to repeatedly supply TGFβ3 exogenously [35]. In our study, both chondrogenic and osteogenic activity were achieved significantly by benefiting from the effect of graphene on hMSCs without adsorbing any biological factors on the graphene-containing 3 D scaffolds. Our result is evidence for how enormous effect can be achieved with graphene containing 3 D robocast PCL scaffolds without the need for synthetic molecules or biomarkers such as alendronate, rhBMP-2, TGFβ, autologous chondrocyte implantation.