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Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2023
Revati Phalkey, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, John O’Hagan, Mutahir Ahmad, Darren Addison, Tracy Gooding, Timothy W Gant, Emma L Marczylo, Caryn L Cox
Direct transmission – This describes the transmission of an infectious agent by direct contact such as touching, biting, kissing, sexual intercourse and by droplet spread. Examples of transmission through direct contact include skin infestations and infections such as scabies and impetigo which are spread by contact with an infected area on another person’s body or through contact with contaminated inanimate objects (sometimes known as fomites – for example door handles). Direct transmission via sexual contact is also the route of spread of sexually transmitted infections such as chlamydia and syphilis.
Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2016
David J. Baker, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, Jill R. Meara, John O’Hagan, Neil P. McColl, Caryn L. Cox
This describes the transmission of an infectious agent by direct contact such as touching, biting, kissing, sexual intercourse and by droplet spread. Examples of transmission through direct contact include skin infestations and infections such as scabies and impetigo which are spread by contact with an infected area on another person’s body or through contact with contaminated inanimate objects (known as fomites – for example door handles). Direct transmission via sexual contact is also the route of spread of sexually transmitted infections such as chlamydia and syphilis.
Delivery Systems for Proteins and Peptides
Published in Munmaya K. Mishra, Applications of Encapsulation and Controlled Release, 2019
Sougata Jana, Arijit Gandhi, Kalyan Kumar Sen
The major outer membrane protein (MOMP) is a target of both humoral and cellular immune responses during infections in humans and is a leading vaccine candidate. Despite the success of native MOMP vaccines [16, 17], recombinant MOMP, MOMP peptides, and MOMP DNA have not yielded the expected protection, as the delivery systems could not retain MOMP’s strong cell-mediated immunity, resulting in a dramatic influence on the vaccine’s efficacy [18, 19]. Using a recently developed cationic liposome formulation 1 (CAF01) [20], the authors compared the efficacy of MOMP/CAF01 or MOMP adjuvanted with alum (T helper cells type 2–promoting aluminum hydroxide) by mouse immunizations followed by a Chlamydia muridarum antigen challenge 6 weeks later. To further investigate the cell-mediated immunity mechanism involved in MOMP vaccination, the investigators carried out their studies on normal C57BL/6 mice as well as CD4+ T cells–depleted C57BL/6 mice. The results showed that mice immunized with MOMP/CAF01 experienced a clear protective effect compared with mice treated with saline or MOMP/alum, boasting significantly fewer bacteria on days 7 and 14 after infection. Mice vaccinated with MOMP/alum displayed a strong anti-MOMP humoral response with high IgG1 titers, low levels of interferon (IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-ά, and a slight reduction in Chlamydia load. On the other hand, mice vaccinated with MOMP/CAF01 displayed high titers of IgG2b and IFN-a and reduced vaginal Chlamydia load. Additionally, MOMP/CAF01 vaccinated mice showed a reduced infection-resolution time compared with saline-treated mice. Also, the results showed that vaccine-mediated protection against Chlamydia was dependent on CD4+ T cells. Having demonstrated that the MOMP/CAF01 vaccine effect was mediated primarily by CD4+ T cells, the authors also showed that similar levels of infection protection were provided by vaccination with rMOMP/CAF01, verifying that vaccination protection was not dependent on MOMP conformation. In conclusion, this study showed that a vaccine based on natively refolded as well as recombinant MOMP administered through the CAF01 delivery system induced a CD4+ T cell–dependent immune response that efficiently protects against vaginal antigen challenge with C. muridarum.
Model justification and stratification for confounding of Chlamydia trachomatis disease
Published in Letters in Biomathematics, 2019
Many people who have Chlamydia do not develop symptoms, but they can still infect others through sexual contact. Women, especially young and minority women, are hit hardest by Chlamydia trachomatis and generally women are most severely impacted by the long-term consequences of untreated Chlamydia. In the United States, the reported Chlamydia case rate for females in 2012–2016 was almost two and half times higher than for males. But before 2012, reported Chlamydia case rate for males in 2007–2011 was almost one and half times higher than for females. From 2012–2016, young females 20–24 years of age had the highest Chlamydia rate followed by females 15–19 years of age and young males from 20 to 24 years had most affected in Chlamydia diseases followed by males 15 to 19 years of age.