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Treatment Options for Chemical Sensitivity
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 5, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Sesquiterpene Unsaturated 1,4-Dialdehydes and Related Bioactive Terpenoids. To date, approximately 80 terpenoids containing an a,b-unsaturated 1,4-dialdehyde (3-formyl 3-butenal) functionality have been isolated from natural sources.398 The majority of these compounds are present in terrestrial plants and fungi. However, algae, liverworts, arthropods, sponges, and mollusks are included among the natural sources of unsaturated 1,4-dialdehydes. In general, these compounds are believed to form a multifaceted chemical defense system that protects the producing organism from parasites and predators.399–404 Because these attacking organisms may range from bacteria to mammals, it is hardly surprising that most of these unsaturated dialdehydes exert a very broad spectrum of bioactivities.398
Antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of extracts from sponge-associated bacterial endophytes
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2023
Idris Abdulrahman, Mamdoh Taha Jamal, Arulazhagan Pugazhendi, Jeyakumar Dhavamani, Majed Al-shaeri, Saleh Al-Maaqar, Sathianeson Satheesh
Bacteria in marine environments survive under extreme conditions and tolerate different changes in the environment which controls their physiology and biochemical activities. To produce metabolites which are dependent on the type of nutrient, the bacteria must adapt to the extreme conditions for survival which subsequently affects the secondary metabolite production process[59]. The extracts from bacteria cultured in ZMB contained metabolites with wider spectrum of antibacterial activity against the tested biofilm bacteria than the extracts from the bacteria grown in LB medium. This might be an indication of high number of metabolites in ZMB-based extracts. LB-based extracts contained few metabolites with strong activity and may be the reason why the extracts from LB produced higher inhibition zone with lower MIC values than the ZMB based extracts. If the same organism produced different functional metabolites under different nutritional composition, it is an indication that nutrients composition in the media affects the antibacterial activity of the extracts from the organism. Most of the sponge bacterial endophytes are heterotrophs utilizing diverse sources of nutrients for metabolism that benefit the sponge and provide protection via chemical defense[60]. Selection of the right nutrients composition for growth is important in the production of appropriate metabolite for a particular function by marine bacteria[61]. Under different nutrients composition in media, various metabolites are released as by-products of metabolism due to variation in the source of energy, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, and other essential requirements[62]. Presence or absence of micronutrients has effect on the ability of bacteria to produce metabolites with bioactive properties[63].