China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Potential of Microalgae for Protein Production
Published in Sanjeet Mehariya, Shashi Kant Bhatia, Obulisamy Parthiba Karthikeyan, Algal Biorefineries and the Circular Bioeconomy, 2022
Elena M. Rojo, Alejandro Filipigh, David Moldes, Marisol Vega, Silvia Bolado
The cell contains bioactive compounds, which are usually classified into primary and secondary metabolites, depending on their biosynthetic origin, chemical composition, or function. Primary metabolites are produced as a result of cell growth, cell development, and microalgae reproduction and mainly include protein, carbohydrate, lipids, and photosynthetic pigments. Secondary metabolites are uniquely accumulated to relieve cellular injuries under stress condition and consist mainly of carotenoid, phytosterols, and phenolic compounds. Some carotenoids, such as lutein and fucoxanthin, are components of the light-harvesting complex for photosynthesis and photo-protection and can thus be considered primary metabolites (de Morais et al., 2015). On the other hand, microalgal lipids can be mainly divided into membrane lipids (consisting of polar lipids) and storage lipids (consisting of neutral lipids mainly in the form of triglyceride). Similarly, carbohydrates can be divided into structural carbohydrates and storage carbohydrate (such as starch, glycogen, and glucan). Generally, the membrane lipids and structural carbohydrates are related to cell growth, while storage lipids and carbohydrate accumulation are enhanced under stress conditions (Ma et al., 2020).
Machine Learning in Metabolic Engineering
Published in Shampa Sen, Leonid Datta, Sayak Mitra, Machine Learning and IoT, 2018
With an ever-increasing demand for bioproducts in today's society, the main aim of biotechnological industries is to optimize their resources for maximum production at low cost. Most bioprocess industries employ microorganisms for production of primary metabolites (such as commercially important enzymes, ethanol, citric acid, nutritional amino acids, and many more), secondary metabolites (antibiotics, antioxidants, alkaloids, and many more), or biomass constituents (single cell protein, lipids, and others). However, living systems naturally produce a substance just in amounts required for their survival, after which, the cell employs certain mechanisms to stop the wastage of any more cellular resources in the production of the metabolite. The amount of metabolite thus obtained is obviously not sufficient for its industrial-scale production. To tackle this problem, the field of biochemical engineering has evolved, of which metabolic engineering is an inherent component.
Subcritical Water Technology in Bioproducts Extraction and Nanocellulose Production
Published in Sandeep Kumar, Florin Barla, Sub- and Supercritical Hydrothermal Technology, 2019
Biofuels represent a class of renewable energy with the potential to contribute significantly to the sustainable energy mix required to meet future energy demands (Awaluddin et al., 2016). Microalgae, which is an aquatic biomass, is heavily researched as feedstock for the production of advanced biofuels as a result of its fast growth rate and the capacity to accumulate high concentrations of biochemical compounds such as lipids and carbohydrates (Chen et al., 2013). Microalgae primary metabolites, such as proteins, fatty acids, and carbohydrates, are produced intracellularly and entrapped within the cells; thus, an effective extraction technology is required to release these biochemical products (De Morais et al., 2015). The primary metabolites are a source of bioactive metabolites, such as vitamins and enzymes, which are commercially beneficial due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, anti-obesity, anticancer properties (De Morais et al., 2015). Commonly used extraction technologies via chemical and mechanical methods include expellers, liquid-liquid extraction (organic solvent extraction), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and ultrasound techniques (Castejon, Luna, & Senorans, 2017) or subcritical water extraction (SWE) (Ibanez et al., 2003). SWE technology is gaining popularity as a method of valuable material recovery in high yields and high quality of extracted products, is inexpensive, has a short residence time, uses nontoxic solvent (water), and has good selectivity. It can extract different classes of compounds depending on the temperature used for the extraction, with the more polar extracted at lower temperatures and the less polar compounds extracted at higher temperatures which makes it an environmentally friendly technology (Abdelmoez et al., 2014) as compared with other traditional solvent extraction methods (Ravber, Knez, & Skerget, 2015).
Fabrication of magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4-NPs) for catalytic pyrolysis of nutshells biomass
Published in Soft Materials, 2019
Muhammad Imran Din, Mohsin Raza, Zaib Hussain, Hafiz Arslan Mehmood
Based on chemical class, functionality, and origin, the compounds obtained from plants can be classified into primary and secondary metabolites. Primary metabolites part an imperative role in plant’s development and growth directly. Carbohydrate, proteins, nucleotides, chlorophyll, etc. are classified as primary metabolites. The secondary metabolites are produced during the secondary metabolism of plant. Examples of secondary metabolites are alkaloids, polyphenols, terpenoids, saponins, and flavonoids. These possess medicinal applications and act as catalyst for biological reactions of plants without imparting a direct influence on their growth. These biosynthetic compounds are observed to be nonuniformly distributed not only in the same country but even in the same plant species. The quantitative and qualitative variations in the distribution of these biosynthetic compounds may be due to the environmental and climatic factors (7).