China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Electrocardiogram
Published in Kayvan Najarian, Robert Splinter, Biomedical Signal and Image Processing, 2016
Kayvan Najarian, Robert Splinter
The electrocardiography made its introduction through the pioneering efforts of the Dutch scientist Willem Einthoven in 1903. He used a galvanometer to design a way to record the action potentials. He also introduced the markers P, Q, R, S, and T on the standard ECG. The initial ECGs were recorded directly on paper and, in fact, still are in many clinical cardiac electrophysiology laboratories. The galvanometer was directly coupled to an ink pen. This way, a voltage leading to a deflection of the galvanometer would move or direct the pen over the paper. Each individual electrode had its own galvanometer and separate ink pen. This method still stands as the gold standard for analog recordings. However, nowadays, as described later, the electrodes are connected to amplifiers and filters.
Comprehensive strategies to minimize radiation exposure during Interventional electrophysiology procedures: state-of-the-art review
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2020
Miraj Desai, Omar Kahaly, Adil Aslam, Jonnie Saifa-Bonsu, Maham Usmani, Toshimasa Okabe, Muhammad R. Afzal, Mahmoud Houmsse
Cardiac electrophysiology (EP) focuses on the evaluation, treatment, and prevention of abnormal cardiac arrhythmias, sudden cardiac death, and device therapies for brady and tachyarrhythmias. The majority of medical conditions seen by a cardiac electrophysiologist are managed by endovascular access in the EP laboratory, including diagnostic EP studies, catheter-based mapping/ablation, implantation of left atrial appendage occlusion devices, and implantation or extraction of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED). To safely navigate diagnostic and ablation catheters within a patient and accurately implant CIEDs, fluoroscopy is typically used for real-time visualization during procedures. Overall, fluoroscopy-guided interventional cardiac EP procedures have been extremely useful for treating patients, and the use of such systems has increased more than tenfold in the last decade [1]. The drastic increase in the number of cardiac EP procedures being conducted has raised the concern of radiation exposure for operating electrophysiologists, patients, and ancillary lab staff. This review summarizes the complications of radiation exposure and comprehensive strategies to minimize radiation exposure.