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Microfluidics in Neuroscience
Published in Tuhin S. Santra, Microfluidics and Bio-MEMS, 2020
Pallavi Gupta, Nandhini Balasubramaniam, Kiran Kaladharan, Fan-Gang Tseng, Moeto Nagai, Hwan-You Chang, Tuhin S. Santra
Electrophysiology is the study of the electrical properties (electric current and membrane potential) of cells and tissues, ranging from single-ion channel properties to those of whole organs. Electrophysiology using MEAs depends on the distance, strength, and stability of the interfacial contact between the electrogenic cells and an electrode. The patch-clamp technique is a classical tool for studying single- or multiple-ion channels of cells. In a traditional patch-clamp technique, a fire-polished glass pipette with a tip diameter in the range of 1–2 μm is pressed into a cell membrane using a micromanipulator. To electrically isolate cells, the membrane is sealed to the pipette with suction, enabling the recording of even single-channel ion fluxes. Although this process has a high resolution, it has very low efficiency and is time consuming.
Electrophysiological Amplifier
Published in Mesut Sahin, Howard Fidel, Raquel Perez-Castillejos, Instrumentation Handbook for Biomedical Engineers, 2020
Mesut Sahin, Howard Fidel, Raquel Perez-Castillejos
Electrophysiology focuses on the study and recording of the electrical phenomena that occur in the human body. Recording of biopotentials is routinely performed in current clinical practice for electrocardiograms (ECG or EKG), electroneurograms (ENG), electromyograms (EMG) and electroretinograms (ERG). Bioelectric signals are produced by excitable cells, which are capable of generating an electric pulse – the action potential, Figure 2.1 – upon receiving an appropriate stimulus. Excitable cells include neural and muscular cells as well as some glandular and ciliated cells.
Classification of motor imagery using a time-localised approach
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2021
Brain–computer interface (BCI) is a communicating setup between human–brain and computer. The BCI system consists of an artificial intelligence that can decode brain activity, and thus enables us to understand the mental state of humans [1,2]. BCI helps the disabled to control external device or artificial limbs who have complete cognitive abilities, but lost their motor control due disruption in neural pathways. The BCI system can monitor brain activities in two ways: (i) hemodynamic and (ii) electrophysiology [3]. In the brain, the glucose is released at different rate for the active neurons when compared to the inactive neurons. In the hemodynamic process, such differences between active and inactive neurons are captured by neuroimaging methods. In the electrophysiological recording process, it captures neural oscillations which are based on electrical properties. Electrophysiological measures the electrical changes between the neurons. Electroencephalography (EEG), electrocorticography (ECoG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) are some popular ways to establish BCI based on electrophysiological signal [3,4].