China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Value-Added Products from Microalgae
Published in S Rangabhashiyam, V Ponnusami, Pardeep Singh, Biotechnological Approaches in Waste Management, 2023
A. Ayush Kumar, Vinodini Elango, Aayush Kumar Choudhary, Ojshwi Prakash, M. Premalatha, V. Mariappan, Godwin Glivin, N. Kalaiselvan, Joseph Sekhar Santhappan
The genetic modification of the microalgae is regarded as the best way to improve the yield of the products at a reduced cost (Schiano di Visconte et al., 2019). Higher lipid and carbohydrate synthesis, higher H2 outputs, and the conversion of important metabolic intermediates to fungible biofuels have all been achieved. Photosynthetic microorganisms are gaining a lot of interest in these efforts due to their relatively high photosynthetic conversion efficiencies, varied metabolic capabilities, faster rate of growth, and ability to store or secrete energy-rich hydrocarbons. In contrast to cyanobacteria, eukaryotic microalgae have several metabolic characteristics that are important for biofuel production, such as the accumulation of large amounts of triacylglycerol, storage starch synthesis similar to that found in higher plants (amylopectin and amylose), and the ability to efficiently couple photosynthetic electron transport to H2 production (Radakovits et al., 2010). Although genetic engineering to improve energy production phenotypes in eukaryotic microalgae is still in its early stages, microalgal model systems have recently made significant progress in the development of genetic manipulation tools, and these organisms are now being used to manipulate central carbon metabolism (Radakovits et al., 2010).
Understanding the Biology of Organisms Through Studies of Metabolism
Published in Jean F. Challacombe, Metabolic Pathway Engineering, 2021
The first examples of studies involving quantitative metabolic network analyses featured mathematical [16–19] and enzyme kinetic [20, 21] models, as well as discourses and hypotheses on the compartmentalization of metabolic reactions in different parts of cells [22]. The concept of mass balance was used to implement and solve models for the metabolic pathways of citrate production by C. lipolytica starting from glucose. While several possible models were tested, the most plausible model with respect to carbon flux focused on pyruvate carboxylation and the tricarboxylic acid cycle but omitted the glyoxylate cycle. This study was able to report reasonable rates of glucose consumption and citrate and isocitrate production as well as carbon dioxide evolution and cellular protein and carbohydrate synthesis [23].
Potential of Microalgae for Protein Production
Published in Sanjeet Mehariya, Shashi Kant Bhatia, Obulisamy Parthiba Karthikeyan, Algal Biorefineries and the Circular Bioeconomy, 2022
Elena M. Rojo, Alejandro Filipigh, David Moldes, Marisol Vega, Silvia Bolado
Nitrogen is the second most abundant element in the microalgae biomass (with a concentration of 1% to 14% of the dry mass (Dolganyuk et al., 2020)). Nitrogen is an essential macronutrient for microalgal growth and plays and important role in protein, lipid, and carbohydrate synthesis. Depletion of nitrogen in the cultivation medium causes a decrease in growth and an increase in lipid productivities (Yaakob et al., 2021). Yang et al. (2018) observed that biomass accumulation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was inhibited up to 31.7% under nitrogen deficiency, with simultaneous increases in the total fatty acid yield (up to 93%), coupled with an enhancement in lipid production of up to 113.46mg/L.
The effect of experimentally-induced diabetes on rat hippocampus and the potential neuroprotective effect of Cerebrolysin combined with insulin. A histological and immunohistochemical study
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2023
Doaa El-Adli, Salwa A. Gawish, Amany AbdElFattah Mohamed AbdElFattah, Mona Fm. Soliman
In the current experiment, animals of the diabetic group showed a highly significant elevation in BGL above 300 mg/dl just before sacrifice. A similar finding has been previously reported [13,19]. Diabetic rats treated with insulin showed a significantly lower BGL than that of the diabetic group. A similar finding was previously demonstrated [21,22]. Streptozotocin enhances cytotoxicity to the pancreatic β-cells by facilitated diffusion via cell membranes and by increasing the production of nitric oxide (NO). This results in reduction of insulin secretion and elevation in BGL [23,24]. Insulin has an anti-hyperglycemic effect by enhancing carbohydrate synthesis and stimulating glucose uptake by cells [25]. The Cerebrolysin-treated group (Group IV) demonstrated a highly significant decrease in BGL as compared to the diabetic group and a highly significant increase as compared to the control. It has been reported that Cbl fails to normalize BGL, but it can increase the expression of glucose transporter (GLUT) in blood–brain barrier (BBB), and thus could improve glucose usage by cells [26].
Influences of changing inorganic nitrogen concentration on accumulation and degradation of organic components in indigenous microalgae cultivated with secondary effluent
Published in Environmental Technology, 2023
Takumi Uemura, Yugo Takabe, Hironori Okazaki, Nobuhiro Matsumura, Takanori Masuda, Yoshiko Hoshikawa
Nitrogen starvation induced formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide, superoxide and hydroxyl radical in Chlorella pyrenoidosa [29] and Desmodesmus sp. [30]. SOD provided the first line of defence against toxic effects of ROS by catalysing dismutation of superoxide to form hydrogen peroxide and oxygen [31]. The SOD increase in the first half period of Cultivation A, in which IN existed but decreased, suggested ROS generation in indigenous microalgae. The ROS triggered lipid and carbohydrate synthesis in microalgae [32]. The ROS possibly induced lipid accumulation via gene expression, accumulation of essential molecules and endoplasmic reticulum stress [33]. Gargouri et al. [34] suggested that total lipid accumulation under nitrogen depletion probably has a role for oxidation of NADPH to inhibit ROS production. ROS generation, which was suggested by the SOD increase, possibly induced the total lipid and total carbohydrate accumulation in indigenous microalgae; and the accumulation was terminated, corresponding to the sharp SOD decrease. Continued cultivation of indigenous microalgae under IN exhausted condition resulted in the degradation of the total carbohydrate. The IN exhausted condition also resulted in the degradation of Chl. a in which the photosynthetic efficiency may be decreased [2], and there was a possibility that the accumulated total carbohydrate was consumed as carbon and/or energy source for the survival.
Enhancement of growth and biomolecules (carbohydrates, proteins, and chlorophylls) of isolated Chlorella thermophila using optimization tools
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2022
Sambit Sarkar, Jaivik Mankad, Nitin Padhihar, Mriganka Sekhar Manna, Tridib Kumar Bhowmick, Kalyan Gayen
PP was observed to be one of the most influential nutrients for carbohydrate accumulation in the isolated microalgae strain. An increase in phosphate concentration negatively impacted carbohydrate synthesis. Phosphate level of 0.01 g/L has resulted in the highest carbohydrate yield. Nitrate is another influential nutrient for carbohydrate synthesis which positively impacted the yield of carbohydrates. The highest level of nitrate (6 g/L) was seen to produce the highest amount of carbohydrate. TM is another factor that was found to influence the carbohydrate synthesis positively with the increasing concentration. The supplementation of bicarbonate into the culture medium was found to boost the carbohydrate synthesis initially in the isolated microalgae strain. However, a bicarbonate level of 1 g/L was seen to perform better than the level of 4 g/L, marginally (Figure 3). On the other hand, FAC, MS, and CA inferred less effect on the carbohydrate synthesis while performing better at level 2 of their respective concentrations. EDTA and CC were observed to produce better yield at level 1 and level 3, respectively.