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Statistical Mechanics
Published in Marc J. Assael, Geoffrey C. Maitland, Thomas Maskow, Urs von Stockar, William A. Wakeham, Stefan Will, Commonly Asked Questions in Thermodynamics, 2022
Marc J. Assael, Geoffrey C. Maitland, Thomas Maskow, Urs von Stockar, William A. Wakeham, Stefan Will
Capillary action or wicking is the ability of a porous substance to draw another liquid substance into it. A common example is the tubes in the stems of plants, but this can also be seen readily with porous paper. Capillary action occurs when the attractive intermolecular forces between the liquid at a surface and (usually) a solid substance are stronger than the cohesive intermolecular forces in the bulk of the liquid. If the solid surface is vertical, the liquid “climbs” the wall made by the solid and a concave meniscus forms on the liquid surface.
Convection
Published in Greg F. Naterer, Advanced Heat Transfer, 2018
A wide range of physical processes may induce convection. The above examples included buoyancy, external forces, concentration gradients, and a magnetic field. Another common example is chemical reactions and combustion (to be further discussed in Chapter 8). Capillary action is a process of inter-molecular attractive forces between a liquid and solid surface where liquid spontaneously rises in a narrow space such as a thin tube or porous material. Examples include capillary induced motion of a fluid in microdevices or petroleum reservoirs. The Marangoni effect refers to convection of fluid along a phase interface due to differences in surface tension caused by inhomogeneous composition of the substances or temperature dependence of the surface tension forces (called thermocapillary convection).
Gas Flow Rate Measuring Devices
Published in Gregory D. Wight, Fundamentals of Air Sampling, 2018
A variation on the sharp-edged orifice meter is the capillary tube (see Figure 4.7). Capillary action involves the drawing of fluid along the walls of a slender tube as a function of fluid properties, tube diameter and material, length, and propelling force. A slender tube with a presssure drop (Pup − Pdn) has a flow rate that follows Poiseuille’s Law (Equation 4.7). () Q=(Pup−Pdn)×{[1+(Pup−Pdn)]2×Pdn}r
Bioprocessing of recombinant proteins from Escherichia coli inclusion bodies: insights from structure-function relationship for novel applications
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2023
Kajal Kachhawaha, Santanu Singh, Khyati Joshi, Priyanka Nain, Sumit K. Singh
Capillary electrophoresis, also called high-efficiency capillary electrophoresis, is a class of liquid phase micro-separation analysis method. It is used for the separation of ions on the basis of their electrophoretic mobility under an applied voltage. The mobility of these ions depends upon the molecule charge, size and viscosity. The mobility of the molecules is directly proportional to the applied electric field. Capillary electrophoresis is utilized very commonly due to faster results and high-resolution separation.[166] Garza et al. developed an IB solubilization method and determined the purity of recombinant proteins in inclusion bodies using capillary gel electrophoresis. It is based on the utilization of a single-component solution which is completely compatible with capillary gel electrophoresis analysis. In this method, IBs sample were prepared and separated from recombinant proteins and other impurities. This allows capillary gel electrophoresis to be regarded as a suitable analytical tool to obtain the quantitative process information during IB refolding.[167]
Identification of retinal diseases based on retinal blood vessel segmentation using Dagum PDF and feature-based machine learning
Published in The Imaging Science Journal, 2023
K. Susheel Kumar, Nagendra Pratap Singh
The eyes are the important organs in the human body, comprising more than two million cells and tissues. The light-sensitive tissues behind the eyes are called the retina, which captures the view and forwards towards the brain through nerves [1]. The variations in the blood vessels of the retina cause retina artery occlusion, diabetic Retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, hypertensive Retinopathy etc. The variations in the retinal blood vessels (RBV) cause vision problems and must be detected early to prevent vision loss [2]. The variations in blood vessel types include arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins. The arteries possess a significant role in organ nourishment with blood and nutrients. Elastic and muscular are the two main forms of arteries. The arterioles render blood over the organs, mainly comprised of smooth muscles. The metabolites and nutrients are exchanged through thin capillary walls made up of a single endothelial layer. The venules are the smallest veins that obtain blood from capillaries for oxygen transfer. The blood flows from venules over the larger, thin-walled, less elastic veins. The inherent retinal disease (IRD) is the most common cause of severe vision problems; thus, early detection would minimize the risk of vision problems in family members [3]. Therefore, a deep insight into these issues is required to protect patients with retinal diseases. Diagnosis of vision complications is tedious; in some cases, only small variations occur between the affected and normal blood vessels [4]. Advances and screening methods are useful for identifying various retinal diseases [5].
Minimally invasive capillary blood sampling methods
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2023
Michael S. F. Hoffman, James W. McKeage, Jiali Xu, Bryan P. Ruddy, Poul M. F. Nielsen, Andrew J. Taberner
Capillary blood sampling usually involves the use of a lancet to pierce the fingertip to a depth of up to 2.4 mm and produces a small sample for home-based or bedside point of care assays to measure blood clotting, anaemia, lipids, basic chemistry panels, etc [4]. Capillary blood sampling is less invasive, less painful, and more accessible than venous or arterial sampling, and produces samples that are easy to handle and store. Capillary blood sampling can be performed on other sites on the body, such as the earlobe, forearm, heel, palm, and arm. The development of new technologies to reduce the pain associated with lancing will promote frequent testing for more effective screening and treatment of disease, reducing needle-phobia, and improving patient compliance [5].