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Classification Models Using Decision Tree, Random Forest, and Moving Average Analysis
Published in Mihai V. Putz, New Frontiers in Nanochemistry, 2020
Rohit Dutt, Harish Dureja, A. K. Madan
Taking the tree paradigm a step further, Breiman (2001) initiated the concept of RFs. This method is based on an ensemble of a large number of classification trees called “forests.” This grouping continues until each tree grows on the value of provided random vector, singly instituted and with the similar allocation for the entire range of trees in a forest (Svetnik et al., 2003; Meng et al., 2009). A RF is built by a bootstrap specimen of the input data and random feature extraction in tree induction (Figure 6.3) (Guha, 2005). Therefore, all classification trees in a forest are divergent. The predictive outcome is assessed by a majority vote (or average) of the independent trees (Polishchuk et al., 2009). The graphical representation of RF is similar to DT. The classification outcome of RF is generally shown in terms of confusion matrix as exemplified in Table 6.1 for prediction of cannabinoid receptor-1 (CB-1) antagonistic activity (Dutt and Madan, 2010).
Natural Biopolymeric Nanoformulations for Brain Drug Delivery
Published in Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Nanocarriers for Brain Targeting, 2019
Josef Jampílek, Katarina Král’ová
CDs have been extensively studied as drug delivery carriers through host-guest interactions. The CD-based electrospun formulation of aripip-razole was reported to be suitable for fast drug delivery through the oral mucosa based on the ultrafast dissolution of the drug from this formulation and the intensified flux across membranes (Borbas et al., 2015). Shityakov et al. (2016) investigated the cytotoxic effects of unmodified a-CD and modified CDs, including trimethyl-β-CD and hydroxypropyl-β-CD (HPCD), on immortalized murine microvascular endothelial (cEND) cells of the BBB, and found that trimethyl-β-CD was the most cytotoxic, while HPCD was non-toxic. Based on molecular dynamics simulation of cholesterol binding to the CDs, it was assumed that the cytotoxicity of CDs is connected with phospholipids and not with cholesterol extraction. The inclusion complex of HPCD with β-caryophyllene (BCP) that was administered to vascular dementia rats markedly increased the bioavailability of BCP, stimulated the recovery of cerebral blood flow, increased the expression levels of the cannabinoid receptor type 2 in brain tissues and the expression levels of PI3K and Akt, suggesting its protective effect on cognitive deficits induced by chronic cerebral ischemia (Lou et al., 2017).
Alkaloids potential health Benefits and toxicity
Published in Quan V. Vuong, Utilisation of Bioactive Compounds from Agricultural and Food Waste, 2017
Renée A. Street, Gerhard Prinsloo, Lyndy J. McGaw
The well-known alkaloid morphine used in pain treatment, also showed expression of cannabinoid receptor 1 and CB2-R in culture cells, indicating that it may be involved in abnormal immune function (Zhang et al. 2012). Similarly cocaine, its metabolites and related alkaloids from Erythroxylon coca were found to be responsible for suppression of the immune response at doses of 15 to 60 mg/kg (Watson et al. 1983). The alkaloids (20 S)-(bennzamido)-3b-(N,N-dimethyamino)-pregnane and (20 S)-(bennzamido)-pregnane-3-one, pachysanaximine A and 20a-diacetamido-5a- pregnane were isolated from Sarcococca saligna and the immunomodulatory potential was found to be between IC50 = 10 mg/ml (95 per cent) and 1.6 mg/ml (Iqbal et al. 2015). Tomatine from Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium showed antigen-specific IFN-ɣ secretion and cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity in vitro which were both significantly enhanced compared to responses detected from similarly stimulated splenocytes from naive and tomatine-saline-immunised control mice (Heal et al. 2001). A hot water infusion of the root bark of Cissampelos sympodialis is used traditionally to treat several inflammatory disorders, including asthma, a chronic inflammatory allergic disease. The anti-allergic and immunoregulatory properties of this plant inhibit the airway hyper-reactivity and lung remodeling. The most active compound was found to be warifteine (Bezerra-Santos et al. 2012, Costa et al. 2013). The fruits of Morus alba have been traditionally used as a tonic to boost the immune responses. Five alkaloids isolated from the plant namely 5-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-pyrrole-2- carboxaldehyde, 2-formyl-1H-pyrrole-1-butanoicacid, 2-formyl-5-(hydroxymethyl)- 1H-pyrrole-1-butanoicacid, 2-formyl-5-(methoxymethyl)-1H-pyrrole-1-butanoic acid and Morrole A and two compounds 2-formyl-5-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-pyrrole-1- butanoicacid and 2-formyl-5-(methoxymethyl)-1H-pyrrole-1-butanoic acid showed macrophage activity through enhancement of nitric oxide, TNF-α and IL-12 production and the stimulation of phagocytic activity (Kim et al. 2013). Sinomenine, is an alkaloid extracted from Sinomenium acutum, suppressed the production of cytokines and the Th1 and Th2 immune responses (Feng et al. 2006). The immunomodulatory effects of punarnavine (40 mg/kg body weight) were found to enhance the total white blood cell count and plague-forming cells. Punarnavine also showed enhanced proliferation of splenocytes, thymocytes and bone marrow cells and induced elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 (Manu and Kuttan 2009).
Endogenous neuroprotection after perinatal hypoxia-ischaemia: the resilient developing brain
Published in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2019
Joanne O. Davidson, Simerdeep K. Dhillon, Guido Wassink, Kelly Q. Zhou, Laura Bennet, Alistair J. Gunn
The endocannabinoid system is an intercellular communication network with important homeostatic functions (Alonso-Alconada et al. 2011). The main endogenous receptors are cannabinoid receptor type I and cannabinoid receptor type II. Cannabinoid receptor type I (CB1) is found extensively in the brain, mainly on presynaptic terminals of neurons. However, the CB1 receptor also mediates most of the psychoactive effects of cannabinoids, which may limit its therapeutic use. The CB2 receptor is found on cells of lymphoid origin such as B and T lymphocytes, natural killer cells, mastocytes, macrophages and monocytes as well as on microglia, the brain’s inflammatory cells, and mediates systemic anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive actions, as reviewed in (Ashton and Glass 2007).
Drying of cannabis—state of the practices and future needs
Published in Drying Technology, 2021
Sai Kiran Reddy Challa, N. N. Misra, Alex Martynenko
Cannabis contains cannabinoids, which are a class of terpenophenolic compounds, modulating the neurotransmitter release in the brain by acting on cannabinoid receptors in cells. Two of them, namely Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) have been identified as the most active and important phytocannabinoids responsible for psychotic and medicinal properties.[14,15] These cannabinoids are known to be synthesized from a single mother component called cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), based on the plant growth stage and conditions.[16]
Increasing cannabis use and importance as an environmental contaminant mixture and associated risks to exposed biota: A review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Emily K. C. Kennedy, Genevieve A. Perono, Dion B. Nemez, Alison C. Holloway, Philippe J. Thomas, Robert Letcher, Chris Marvin, Jorg Stetefeld, Jake Stout, Oliver Peters, Vince Palace, Gregg Tomy
The ECS is comprised of cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, which are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) expressed ubiquitously throughout the body (Lu & Mackie, 2016). CB1 is widely distributed across the central nervous system (CNS) along terminal axon segments within the hippocampus, basal ganglia, cerebellum, cortex, olfactory areas and spinal cord (Kumar et al., 2001; Lu & Mackie, 2016), but may also be found in peripheral tissues including endocrine glands, heart, reproductive organs, and urinary and gastrointestinal tracts (Niaz et al., 2017). While Δ9-THC is a partial agonist at CB1 and CB2 receptors, the majority of the psychotropic activity of Δ9-THC has been attributed to its actions at CB1 (Zhang & Ho, 2015) . Indeed, anatomical localization of CB1 receptors on major synapses across the CNS and peripheral nervous system alludes to their function in the release of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters (e.g., glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)) and their role in mediating memory, motivation, cognition, and movement (Howlett et al., 2002; Zhang & Ho, 2015). While CB2 is expressed at lower levels than CB1 in the CNS, it is predominantly expressed in cells of the immune system, particularly the spleen and macrophages (Kumar et al., 2001; Lotersztajn et al., 2008; Lu & Mackie, 2016; Niaz et al., 2017). Under pathological conditions, such as tissue injury or inflammation, CB2 expression is increased, as much as 100-fold, suggesting that CB2 may function to modulate cytokine release from immune cells and have an immunoprotective role (Reviewed in: (Pacher & Mechoulam, 2011)). Agonist stimulation of cannabinoid receptors couples to the Gαi/o protein complex to impact the cyclic AMP-protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA) pathway, impacting voltage-dependent calcium channels, potassium channels, mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, gene expression, protein synthesis regulation and ultimately neurotransmission (Howlett et al., 2002).