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Deadly Canine Distemper: A Global Multispecies Disease
Published in Moayad N. Khalaf, Michael Olegovich Smirnov, Porteen Kannan, A. K. Haghi, Environmental Technology and Engineering Techniques, 2020
V. Naveenkumar, K. Porteen, M. Vijaya Bharathi, B. S. Pradeep Nag
In domestic dogs, acute generalized CD infection would be routinely diagnosed by typical clinical signs whereas in nondomestic species suspected cases would be differentiated from rabies, feline panleukopenia, toxoplasmosis, canine parvovirus, lead poisoning, and bacterial enteritis (Deem et al., 2000). CD-infected ferrets and mink would have the suspected clinical signs like digital, nasal, and eyelid hyperkeratosis (Pearson and Gorham, 1987). The broad clinical manifestations of the CD with varying clinical signs lead to difficulty in differentiating with other respiratory diseases (Jones et al. 1997). The diagnosis of CD in acute or subacute stages can be done with typical clinical signs such as conjunctivitis, bronchitis, catarrhal pneumonia, gastroenteritis, and neurological disturbances. Some other diseases which mimic the similar signs may reduce the clear diagnosis arrival, that is, early stage of kennel cough, chronic distemper encephalitis, parainfluenza virus 2, canine coronavirus, infectious canine hepatitis virus, and canine parvovirus (Kim et al., 2001). CDV is the major immunosuppressant disease in dogs which makes host with increased vulnerability to secondary pathogen infection that lead to increased CDV associated death (Pawar et al., 2011).
Aptamers in Bacterial, Viral, and Parasitic Diseases
Published in Rakesh N. Veedu, Aptamers, 2017
Henning Ulrich, Arquimedes Cheffer, Flávia M. Zimbres, Attila Tárnok, Carsten Wrenger
The rabies virus (RABV) causes a zoonotic disease named rabies, which is transmitted through contact with infected saliva during a bite or through direct contact with mucosal tissues. The viral infection leads to an acute fatal encephalitis, resulting in coma and death. Various warm-blooded mammals are affected by this infectious disease. To date, there is no available approved therapy against the clinical signs of the disease. As the infection is lethal in all the cases, the development of a cheap and effective drug has drawn attention. The aptamers represent, in this sense, a promising alternative. Indeed, aptamers have already been selected against RABV-infected cells by using the cell-SELEX technique [62]. These aptamers were posteriorly employed in viral titer assays, demonstrating that viral replication is inhibited in RABV-infected cells while no blockade of the canine distemper virus or canine parvovirus replication was observed, which confirms the specificity of the selected aptamers. Most importantly, the aptamers have been demonstrated to protect mice to some extent from RABV infection. Interestingly, the aptamers had a protective effect, since only circa 15% of the previously aptamer-treated animals died after inoculation with CVS-11. On the other hand, almost no mice survived when the aptamers were used for treatment [62].
Overview of the Manifold VNPs Used in Nanotechnology
Published in Nicole F Steinmetz, Marianne Manchester, Viral Nanoparticles, 2019
Nicole F Steinmetz, Marianne Manchester
The icosahedron as a structure is the largest closed shape that can be formed by identical units (the coat proteins). Icosahedral symmetry requires a defined number of coat protein units. To form an icosahedral virus particle with 5:3:2 symmetry 60 coat protein subunits are required. Three coat proteins are placed on each of the 20 triangular faces in an equivalent manner (3 subunits × 20 faces = 60 coat protein subunits) (Caspar & Klug, 1962; Johnson & Speir, 1997). There are a few viruses whose capsids indeed consist of 60 coat protein subunits, for example, the mammalian virus Canine parvovirus (CPV) (2.2.15) (see the VIPER; http://viperdb.scripps.edu).
Human and livestock pathogens and their control during composting
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Inactivation of naked single-stranded DNA (Group II) viruses, such as parvovirus is due to the destruction of the virus capsid (Blümel et al., 2002). Once the capsid is destroyed, enzymes produced by indigenous microorganisms can access the DNA (Blümel et al., 2002). High pH of about 9.5 and a temperature of 60 °C for 10 hr is effective against canine parvovirus (CPV) (Roberts et al., 2011), suggesting that parvoviruses might also be inactivated through the composting process. However, reports in the literature disagree on the similarities in heat and chemical resistance between bovine, porcine and canine parvoviruses (Roberts & Hart, 2000). For example, heat treatment at 70 °C for 30 and 60 min did not completely inactivate porcine parvovirus (PPV; Sahlström et al., 2008). A 2.6-log reduction for PPV was observed after 60 min at 70 °C but no significant inactivation of PPV was reported at 55 °C (90% inactivation after 0.3 hr at 70 °C) (Emmoth, 2015). Bovine parvovirus (BPV) had an inactivation rate of 0.353 log unit/hr (doubled at 70 °C) during aerobic thermophilic digestion (54–56 °C) (Spillman et al., 1987). About 90% of reduction was obtained for PPV after 0.4 hr in slurry (Böhm, 2005, as reported in Emmoth 2015) and for BPV after 11 hr in fresh manure (Elving et al., 2014).