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Microbial Food-borne Diseases Due to Climate Change
Published in Javid A. Parray, Suhaib A. Bandh, Nowsheen Shameem, Climate Change and Microbes, 2022
John Mohd War, Anees Un Nisa, Abdul Hamid Wani, Mohd Yaqub Bhat
It is a non-enveloped, highly infectious, single-stranded RNA virus of the family Caliciviridae. It has a wide genome diversity, classified into five genogroups; G1–GV. Globally, the most basic cause of viral food-borne illness (gastroenteritis) among all age groups is due to Norovirus (Patel et al., 2008). In the US, 9.4 million cases of food-borne illnesses are reported yearly with 55,961 cases of hospitalization and 1351 mortalities due to 31 key pathogens. Most illnesses were because of Norovirus (58%), 11% by Salmonella species (non-typhoidal), 10% by Clostridium perfringens, and 9% by Campylobacter species (Scallan et al., 2011). The source of infection are foods contaminated with virus particles from vomit or feces of sick persons and by infected food handler. The infection develops within 12–48 h once the host comes in contact with the virus. The symptoms include vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, stomach pain, muscle aches, low fever, chills, fatigue, and headaches (Public Health Agency of Canada, 2019). In Europe, increased prevalence of Norovirus infection has been linked to low immunity among populations, cool and dry temperature, and the emergence of new genetic variants (Lopman et al., 2009).
Terpenoids Against Infectious Diseases
Published in Dijendra Nath Roy, Terpenoids Against Human Diseases, 2019
Sanhita Ghosh, Kamalika Roy, Chiranjib Pal
A monoterpenoid phenol carvacrol (Table 8.1) was found to reduce Murine Norovirus (MNV) infectivity by ~3.87-log10 after only 1 h of exposure. The lack of a viral envelope makes this family of Caliciviridae resistant to most antimicrobial agents; however, exposure to carvacrol for 24 h produced a tremendous degradation in viral capsids as evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (Gilling et al. 2014). Eugenol, another monoterpenoid phenol, was found to inhibit Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV), Murine CMV (MCMV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) (≥90% inhibition at 100 μg/mL). Eugenol also inhibited influenza type A virus (IAV) replication by inhibiting the activation of the host’s extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and IκB kinase/nuclear factor kappa B (IKK/NF-κB) signalling pathways and thereby antagonizing their activators (Charan Raja et al. 2015).
Detection of Sapoviruses in two biological lines of Tunisian hospital wastewater treatment
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2019
Chourouk Ibrahim, Salah Hammami, Nadia Chérif, Selma Mejri, Pierre Pothier, Abdennaceur Hassen
Human Sapoviruses (SaV) are responsible for major public health problems and economic losses worldwide, mainly causing acute gastroenteritis in humans and in animals (Svraka et al. 2010; Oka et al. 2015, 2017; Kumthip et al. 2018). SaV are members of the Caliciviridae family, which is subdivided into five genera, Norovirus (NoV), Sapovirus, Vesivius, Lagovirus and Nebovirus (Tian et al. 2014; Oka et al. 2015, 2018; http://www.ictvonline.org/virusTaxonomy.asp). NoV and SaV are the only medical pathogens in the Caliciviridae family, which are well-known causes of acute human gastroenteritis. NoV are a major cause of both epidemic and sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis in people of all ages (Tian et al. 2014; Oka et al. 2015; Kumthip et al. 2018). SaV were thought to mostly infect children under 5 years of age in different countries of the world (Liu et al. 2015; Oka et al. 2015; Bergallo et al. 2017) including Tunisia (Sdiri-Loulizi et al., 2011). However, in recent years, an increasing number of outbreaks and sporadic cases involving adults have been described (Oka et al. 2017).