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Detoxification of Biomedical Waste
Published in Ram Chandra, R.C. Sobti, Microbes for Sustainable Development and Bioremediation, 2019
Bamidele Tolulope Odumosu, Tajudeen Akanji Bamidele, Olumuyiwa Samuel Alabi, Olanike Maria Buraimoh
Pharmaceutical industries manufacturing antimicrobial drugs such as antibiotics contribute immensely to the human health hazard and that of the environment if they dispose of expired, unused drugs and pharmaceutical effluents indiscriminately to their immediate or remote environment without proper predisposal inactivation of the waste. Antibiotic usage for the treatment of infections caused by pathogenic bacteria has gained significant attention in both developed and developing countries; hence, production of this drug will continue for a long time to come. A major notable impact among others on humans is the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) among pathogenic bacteria, which can lead to treatment failures due to antibiotic resistance among such bacteria that find their way into the human system and cause different types of bacterial infections. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and vancomycin-resistant enterococcus to mention but a few among globally recognized pathogenic bacteria are capable of acquiring ARGs from the environment and wreak havoc in humans and animals. Longer hospital stay, high mortality and morbidity rates, and high economic burden are also major impacts of contamination of the environment by pharmaceutical wastes.
Healthcare Environment and Infection Control
Published in Herman Koren, Best Practices for Environmental Health, 2017
The CDC estimates on a yearly basis 2 million illnesses and 23,000 deaths are caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the United States. There has been a huge overuse of antibiotics and misuse of antibiotics both in the healthcare fields and in food production. Outbreaks of disease-causing organisms resistant to antibiotics include carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and particularly Klebsiella pneumonia carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (See endnote 27), and C. difficile which is resistant to many drugs. Also vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRI), methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and S. aureus with intermediate levels of resistance to glycopeptide antibiotics are serious concerns in the spread of hospital-acquired infections. This is especially important in intensive care units and other areas where patients may be immunocompromised.
Trends in means and distributional characteristics of cardiorespiratory endurance performance for Italian children (1984–2010)
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2022
Nicola Lovecchio, Matteo Vandoni, Roberto Codella, Antonio Rovida, Vittoria Carnevale Pellino, Matteo Giuriato, Marilyn G. Klug, Grant R. Tomkinson
CRE can be measured using maximal or submaximal field- or laboratory-based run/walk, cycling, or step tests. While indirect calorimetry using expired gas analysis is the criterion measure of peak oxygen uptake ( O2peak), such testing is time-consuming, expensive, and requires a high level of tester expertise. Alternatively, long-distance run/walk tests are acceptable, feasible, and scalable field-based measures of CRE. Among children and adolescents, long-distance run/walk tests such as the 1000-m and 12-min run tests demonstrate moderate criterion validity for estimating gas-analysed O2peak (in ml/kg/min; (Mayorga-Vega et al., 2016)), high test-retest reliability (O’Keeffe et al., 2020; Tomkinson & Olds, 2008), and are regarded as safe.
Synthesis of N-doped carbon dots for highly selective and sensitive detection of metronidazole in real samples and its cytotoxicity studies
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Xiaoxiang Wang, Tao Lin, Wei Wu, Haisuo Wu, Dongdong Yan
It assessed those 10,000 types of antibiotics are being produced throughout the world every year. Even though antibiotics have been used extensively for the treatment of many diseases for decades, their negative effects on animals, environment, and human health in long-term usage have not been identified till the last twenty years. The extensive use of antibiotics led to the development of drug-resistant pathogens, such as carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). This situation led to the ineffective treatment of potentially harmful diseases. Also, the growing difficulty in treatment of harmful diseases, the high dosage, and excessive usage of few drugs exhibited carcinogenic properties under in vivo and in vitro conditions. Based on these situations, there is a growing restriction on the usage of antimicrobial drugs via human medicine. However, antibiotic drugs are potential to enter the human nourishment via animal feed or drugs to the edible tissues of animals, seafood, and fish [1]. Among several antibiotics, metronidazole (MTZ) is a familiar nitroimidazole derivative, that works as an effective drug in contradiction of trichomonas, giardia, amoeba, anaerobic bacteria, and trichomonas. Though, excess MTZ will effectively exert teratogenic, genetic toxicities, and carcinogenic to humans. So, it has been firmly prohibited to utilise as a feed processor or food additive. Therefore, it is very crucial to develop rapid and highly sensitive methods for the MTZ determination. Till now, many methods have been developed for the determination of MTZ including electrochemical sensing, high-performance liquid chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography, spectrophotometry, and immune assay, but all of these approaches require exclusive instruments, difficult operations, and time taking sample pre-treatment, which highly confine the MTZ detection efficiency. Thus, it is significant to notice that fluorescent chemosensors have been utilised for MTZ detection with high selectivity and sensitivity [2]. Most of them are in the class of fluorescent metal nanoclusters and organic dyes. Nevertheless, their non-eco-friendly nature, expensive, cytotoxicity, treatment process, and complex technique might limit the practical use of fluorescent chemosensors.