China 
Africa 
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The Recent Development of Antiviral Cold-Sprayed Copper Coatings against Coronavirus Disease Infection
Published in Peerawatt Nunthavarawong, Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa, Suchart Siengchin, Mathew Thoppil-Mathew, Antimicrobial and Antiviral Materials, 2022
For anti-COVID-19 testing, highly pure copper powders (99.9%, 5-60 μm in diameter) produced the coatings on stainless steel substrates using high-pressure cold spray deposition, thereby resulting in the anti-SARS-CoV-2 efficacy of 96% after 2 hours of exposure. The spraying parameters had the gas pressure (3 MPa), chamber temperature (500 °C), powder nozzle, stand-off distance (16 mm), and deposition angle (45°) [23].
COVID-19: a pandemic challenging healthcare systems
Published in IISE Transactions on Healthcare Systems Engineering, 2021
Lidong Wang, Cheryl Ann Alexander
A critical step in the war on COVID-19 is the timely identification and treatment of those patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 so immediate treatment and care, as well as quarantine to prevent the spread to others, can be initiated (Wang et al., 2020). Since SARS-CoV-2 is an RNA virus, all available tests for the detection of viral DNA/RNA can be applied to COVID-19 testing. The viral genome, provided to countries via the WHO, must be transcribed into a DNA complement which occurs via reverse transcriptase. Other testing methods include the CRISPR-mediated detection or the loop-mediated isothermal amplification tests, which have also been employed during the COVID-19 outbreak. These testing methods were used during previous coronavirus outbreaks like SARS and MERS (Vandenberg et al., 2020). Therefore, the gold standard for COVID-19 testing is the assays based on RT-PCR testing on nasal or respiratory specimens in a laboratory (Wang et al., 2020; Vandenberg et al., 2020; Mishra et al., 2020; Escribano et al., 2020; Cheng et al., 2020).