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Active Targeting Strategies in Cancer with a Focus on Potential Nanotechnology Applications
Published in Mansoor M. Amiji, Nanotechnology for Cancer Therapy, 2006
PAMAM dendrimers useful for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) of cancers have been targeted to tumor vasculature by attachment of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) that acts to target VEGF receptors that are frequently overexpressed on tumor neovasculature.98 Targeting VEGF receptors Flk or Flt on tumor-associated endothelial cells could also be effective; this has been done with a complex material composed of anti-Flk-1 antibody-coated 90Y-labeled nanoparticles99. PECAM (or CD31) is highly expressed on the surface of endothelial cells present in immature vasculature. Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM) up-regulation occurs following VEGF stimulation of endothelial cells. The presence of such endothelial surface markers also provides the opportunity to target nanoparticles that contain DNA for gene therapy applications,100 release anti-angiogenesis agents as well as chemotherapeutics,101 and antigens/agents to stimulate an anti-cancer cell immune response.101,102 Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) is a marker for inflammation of the endothelial and has been used to target nanoparticles to these sites for magento-optical imaging.103
Visualizing Hepatic Immunity through the Eyes of Intravital Microscopy
Published in Margarida M. Barroso, Xavier Intes, In Vivo, 2020
Maria Alice Freitas-Lopes, Maísa Mota Antunes, Raquel Carvalho-Gontijo, Érika de Carvalho, Gustavo Batista Menezes
The blood vessels’ architecture can be visualized labeling endothelial cells with anti-CD31 or PECAM-1 monoclonal antibody coupled to a fluorochrome, which is an adhesion molecule expressed at the endothelial cells’ surface (Figure 16.2a). By staining these cells, it is possible to identify the location of intra- and extravascular cells and to monitor the rolling, migration, and arrival of cells during the inflammatory process.
Different influence of sulfated chitosan with different sulfonic acid group sites on HUVECs behaviors
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2020
Guijuan Han, Xiaohui Xia, Zhicheng Pan, Yucheng Lin, Lihua Li, Yanpeng Jiao, Changren Zhou, Shan Ding
HUVEC cells protein expression contents affected by different SCS and heparin were tested by Western blot, including the CD31, vWF and VEGF. As showed in Figure 9, all bands of each group became darker with the culture time prolonged, which indicated the protein expressions content was increased. Moreover, the 2,6-SCS group had higher protein expression compared with others. This result was consistent with the results of gene expression and correlated tests. CD31, platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule1 [43], is a cell adhesion molecule with proangiogenic and proinflammatory activity. CD31 not only plays a role as an adhesion molecule but also participates in intracellular signaling pathways which have an impact on various cell adhesive mechanisms and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression and activity [44]. VWF, a glycoprotein expressed by endothelial cells and megakaryocytes, is usually applied to identify vessels in tissue sections [45], and is important protein for angiogenesis regulation. VEGF is a potential trigger for angiogenesis [46], and it can induces endothelial cell proliferation, promotes cell migration and inhibits apoptosis. In vivo VEGF induces angiogenesis as well as permeabilization of blood vessels and plays a central role in the regulation of vasculogenesis [47]. The 2,6-SCS stimulated endogenous CD31, vWF and VEGF high expressed than other groups, indicating that 2,6-SCS have a higher potential to facilitate angiogenesis than other SCS and heparin.
Curcumin-loaded porous scaffold: an anti-angiogenic approach to inhibit endochondral ossification
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
For histology analysis, the tissue samples were processed and immunofluorescence staining was performed using CD31 antibodies. CD31 is a marker for endothelial cells, which are the primary cells involved in angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels). By staining for CD31, researchers can visualize the blood vessels within the tissue and analyze the extent of angiogenesis around the implanted scaffolds. The immunofluorescence CD31 staining revealed clear signs of angiogenesis in the gelatin group at 3 to 12 weeks, yet no clear signs of neovascularization in the Cur/Gelatin group (Figure 5b).