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Glycan-Based Nanocarriers in Drug Delivery
Published in Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Drug Delivery Approaches and Nanosystems, 2017
Songul Yasar Yildiz, Merve Erginer, Tuba Demirci, Juergen Hemberger, Ebru Toksoy Oner
Glycans are not only used for functionalization of the nanocarriers but also used for construction of those nano-sized devices/materials for biomedical applications since glycans play numerous roles in organisms from immunogenity to cell recognition, communications and so on. Many glycans play a role in different parts of the homeostatic mechanism. For instance sialic acid, mainly bound to glycoproteins is essential for the communication and recognition with the immune system. It is known that erythrocytes without sialic acid on the surface are removed rapidly from the blood by the immune system. Another monosaccharide, mannose, plays a crucial role in protein glycosylation. Mannose binding C-type lectin proteins are important for cell surface recognition and communication. Studies with mannose generally focus on cell surface targeting. Galactose is essential for cell targeting or blood type detection due to antigen structure. Hyaluronic acid is a common glycan for vertebrate tissues but is mostly found in connective tissues and body fluids with many functions like lubrication, plasma protein regulation, filtration, homeostasis of the water. Furthermore rhamnose which is generally found in bacteria and higher organisms such as plants plays important roles in cell survival.
Host Response to Biomaterials
Published in Claudio Migliaresi, Antonella Motta, Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering, 2014
Sangeetha Srinivasan, Julia E. Babensee
The C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are expressed on a variety of cells including MOs, DCs, B-cells, T-cells, PMNs, endothelial cells (ECs), and fibroblasts.50-52 They can identify carbohydrate structures expressed on pathogen surfaces mediated by carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) through calcium-dependent binding,5354 thereby mediating cellular processes, involving cellular migration,55 crucial steps in adaptive immunity, and internalization of pathogens for antigen processing and presentation.56 These receptors have been classified based on the number of CRDs that they possess54 or by their affinity to specific carbohydrates, particularly lectins-binding mannose-type or galactose-type carbohydrates.50,57 CLRs can recognize endogenously
Pro-inflammatory responses induced by A. fumigatus and A. versicolor in various human macrophage models
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2019
Elisabeth Øya, Anita Solhaug, Anette K. Bølling, Reidun Øvstebø, Tonje B. Steensen, Anani K.J. Afanou, Jørn A. Holme
In vitro studies with spores/hyphae, extracts, and/or specific components from mold demonstrated that mold and/or their products are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including membrane-bounded toll-like receptors (TLRs), nucleotide-oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs), C-type lectin receptors (including dectin-1 and mannose receptor (MR)), and protease-activated receptors (PARs) (Becker et al. 2015; Portnoy, Williams, and Barnes 2016). TLR2 and TLR4 are considered to play a crucial role in cellular recognition and response to mold (Mambula et al. 2002; Meier et al. 2003; Netea et al. 2003; Wang et al. 2001). When activated, TLR2/4 trigger a series of signaling cascades, leading to activation of the transcription factor NF-κB, which is subsequently followed by expression of various cytokines and chemokines (Park and Mehrad 2009; Takeda and Akira 2005).