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Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation as Treatment for Type 1 Diabetes
Published in Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont, Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
Júlio C. Voltarelli, Richard K. Burt, Norma Kenyon, Dixon B. Kaufman, Elizabeth C. Squiers
Immune-mediated islet cell destruction is not complete until sometime after onset of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Measurements of C-peptide, a marker for endogenous insulin, indicates persistence of islet cells with low normal C-peptide levels for an interval of up to 1 year after DKA onset. This led, beginning in the 1980s, to immune suppressive trials for new onset DKA.40-49 Several trials including French, Canadian-European, Australian, and American indicated that cyclosporine and/or azathioprine preserved insulin secretion and/or increased the duration of insulin independence. The best results seemed to occur for patients starting immune suppressive treatment with 8 weeks of DKA onset. A recent study of anti-CD3 antibody infused for 14 days in patients within 6 weeks of diagnosis demonstrated improved endogenous insulin production, reduced glycosylated hemoglobin levels, and reduced exogenous insulin requirements for up to one year after immune suppressive treatment.50 These studies indicate that immune suppressive therapy needs to be initiated early in the course of type 1 diabetes to be effective. In patients with maligancies and coincidental long standing diabetes, allogeneic HSCT from normal donors has not ameliorated insulin requirements.51
New approaches towards the discovery and evaluation of bioactive peptides from natural resources
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2020
Nam Joo Kang, Hyeon-Su Jin, Sung-Eun Lee, Hyun Jung Kim, Hong Koh, Dong-Woo Lee
Bioactive peptides (BPs) are specific protein fragments with positive impacts on body functions or conditions, and thus have the potential to improve human health. The human body contains multiple BPs, consisting of up to a few dozen amino acids linked by peptide bonds, that are involved in inflammation, hemostasis, neurotransmission, immune response, cell proliferation, hormone responses, and oxidative stress (Korhonen & Pihlanto, 2006). Such peptides, many of which are generated by proteolysis, act as molecular mediators of many cellular processes. For example, cleavage of fibrinogen by thrombin is required to generate fibrin monomers for blood clotting (Crawley, Zanardelli, Chion, & Lane, 2007). In addition, the C-peptide cleaved from proinsulin plays a key role in Ca2+-dependent intracellular signaling pathways, resulting in the synthesis of insulin itself (Wahren, Kallas, & Sima, 2012).