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Immunotherapy for Gliomas and Other Intracranial Malignancies
Published in Raj Bawa, János Szebeni, Thomas J. Webster, Gerald F. Audette, Immune Aspects of Biopharmaceuticals and Nanomedicines, 2019
Mario Ganau, Gianfranco K. I. Ligarotti, Salvatore Chibbaro, Andrea Soddu
Brain metastases are the most common intracranial malignancy and, despite advances in prevention and early diagnosis, their incidence has steadily risen over time. The cerebral blood flow represents 15% of the cardiac output, constantly, and primary tumors are known to escape local hypoxia by releasing in the bloodstream circulating tumor cells at an exponential rate. As such, it is no wonder that an estimated 25–45% of all cancers sooner or later will develop brain metastases, with lung and breast cancers showing a strong organotropism for the CNS [2, 3, 18]. Until recently, those lesions were considered as a homogenous condition, uniformly treated with whole brain radiotherapy alone or with surgical resection for large lesions and stereotactic radiosurgery for smaller lesions. Increasingly, specific systemic medical therapies are being used to treat brain metastases based on the primary site of disease, nonetheless, as of today; they still represent a devastating clinical reality, carrying an estimated survival time of less than one year in most of the cases [19].
Data Augmentation for Improved Brain Tumor Segmentation
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
Ankur Biswas, Paritosh Bhattacharya, Santi P. Maity, Rita Banik
Brain tumor, an assembly of uneven and irregular cells, produced by an unrestrained cell division is extended in and around the brain and is one of the most frequent basis of diseases in people globally [1]. Two main types of tumors exist, the first one is the malignant tumors that are cancerous and the second one is the benign tumors or non-cancerous. Cancerous tumors can be further categorized into the primary tumors that establish within the brain, and the secondary tumors that extend from elsewhere, known as brain metastasis tumors. Malignant tumors often grow with time while a benign tumor initially remains fixed, but if untreated, may turn into cancerous. Hence, it must be detected at its initial stage from the symptoms and need monitoring for growth in size and appearance for the sake of treatment. The primary step to distinguish a brain tumor in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demands a perfect segmentation of the tumor, which is the progression to separate the tissues of the tumor from the normal brain tissues. This task is quite challenging since tumors vary in their shape, size, texture as well as appearance [2]. MRI, computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), etc. are the different forms of clinical imaging modalities utilized to evaluate brain tumor, out of which MRI is preferably chosen one because of its non-invasive nature and also offers a wide contrast variation of tissues with a high level of resolution and accuracy in the brain. It creates a three-dimensional (3D) image of an anatomical structure that helps to obtain the crucial information for efficient pathologies. Earlier, brain tumors were delineated manually through spotting the different regions of tumor slice-by-slice which was prolonged. Researchers are carrying out multiple studies through modern imaging machinery to completely computerize the conclusion system and lessen the extracting time of costly and precise information to support health practitioners. Hence, segmentation of tumor in 3D is highly demanded and plays an essential role in effective handling of treatment.