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Recent Developments in Nanomaterial Applications
Published in B. Sridhar Babu, Kaushik Kumar, Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites, 2021
S. Saravanan, E. Kayalvizhi Nangai, S. V. Ajantha, S. Sankar
Recent developments of the biodegradable materials for bone repairing use provisional biosorbable structures. The necessary porous structure of bone biomaterials contains interrelated pores to admit body fluids among soft and hard tissues. Bones are required for repair or replacement due to bone rupture, splice, dental applications, and other types of surgery. Synthetic bone cement is used for filling bone cavities. The bone cement contains PMMA, which acts as a filler. Poly (methyl methacrylate) is injected as flow able glue and then solidifies in vivo [29]. Bioresorbable polymers are biodegradable which offer great potential controlled drug delivery and many medical applications. For example surgical sutures also known as bone addiction and repair devices [30]. A smart material in the body to surpass the present human behavior through integration technologies becomes possible and detects environmental conditions beyond current human limits [31].
Reduction and Fixation of Sacroiliac joint Dislocation by the Combined Use of S1 Pedicle Screws and an Iliac Rod
Published in Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski, Donald L. Wise, Debra J. Trantolo, Michael J. Yaszemski, Augustus A. White, Advances in Spinal Fusion, 2003
Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski, Donald L. Wise, Debra J. Trantolo, Michael J. Yaszemski, Augustus A. White
Approximately 3-6% of vertebroplasty patients suffer from radiculopathy [3,29], which is attributed to damage caused by the exothermic effect of PMMA during polymerization and an inflammatory reaction produced by PMMA [7]. Radicular pain can be successfully resolved in 2-4 days when treated with steroids and anti-inflammatory medications. However, persistent radiculopathy can occur in about 2-3% of patients, and surgical intervention is required to remove the bone cement [11,31]. Adjacent Vertebrae Failure
Hollow channels scaffold in bone regenerative: a review
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Xiao Li, Dawn Elizabeth Coates
Development of novel regenerative materials for application in bone defects aims at producing tailorable, mechanically strong, and osteoinductive scaffolds. Bone cement has been employed as a bone filler or to stabilize hip and knee implants. Calcium sulfate, a naturally occurring mineral and one of the oldest bone cement biomaterials, has in recent times been progressively replaced by poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) because of its rapid degradation properties, despite its outstanding osteoconductive bioactivity [7]. PMMA is characterized by good biocompatibility with human tissues, however, compared to actual bone tissue its mechanical properties are inferior. Numerous researchers have explored combining PMMA with other elements, such as magnesium phosphate (MgP), hydroxyapatite (HA) [8], and functionalized graphene materials (GDM) [9], in order to enhance its bioactivity and mechanical capabilities. CPC’s (calcium phosphate cements), which are made of a liquid phase and a powder based on CaP, show clear advantages over PMMA during the setting reaction due to being neither toxic nor exothermic [10]. Despite this, there are still cement osteolytic reactions associated with particle debris [11]. Advancements in biomedical research and technology, particularly with the advent of 3D printing technology, have generated a variety of scaffolds that are increasingly being used to treat large bone deformities.
Current approaches for the exploration of antimicrobial activities of nanoparticles
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2021
Nur Ameera Rosli, Yeit Haan Teow, Ebrahim Mahmoudi
The application of NPs in bone cement has been shown to exert potent bactericidal effects on antibacterial-resistant bacteria [7]. Extensively used for implant fixation in orthopedic and trauma surgery, bone cement is a biomaterial that serves to fill in the gap between bones and implants. Two types of bone cement are available: calcium phosphate and (the more commonly used) polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) [132]. The clinical significance is reflected by the estimated 35,000 cases of post-operative infections, thus underlining the severity of such complications related to orthopedic procedures [133]. Numerous encouraging findings have been reported. PMMA-based bone cement incorporated with Au NPs has been proven to minimize the formation of biofilms of S. aureus, whereas those with Ag NPs likewise minimized biofilms based on the Kirby–Bauer method by preventing bacterial colonization [134,135]. Furthermore, the number of arthroplasty-related infections due to bacteria including S. aureus, S. epidermidis, A. baumanii, and MRSA has been shown revealed to reduce drastically with Ag NPs (at concentrations as low as 0.05%) [136]. The long-term antibacterial effect was tested on Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), Enterobacter cloacae (E. cloacae), P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and S. epidermidis for bacterial adhesion for 14 days. The results displayed a reduction in bacteria biofilm formation on the bone cement containing antibiotics but bone cement containing NPs showed better effects where the reduced rate is much higher [137]. In addition, NPs are known for their application as coatings for medical devices due to their unique properties.
Controlled release of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug from a photocurable polymeric calcium phosphate cement
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
S. Hesaraki, M. H. Barounian, S. Borhan, M. Shahrezayee, N. Nezafati
Self-setting polymethyl methacrylate bone cement is another alternative in contemporary orthopedics [21]. Although this bone cement exhibits high mechanical strength, it lacks promising biological properties of calcium phosphate cements and demonstrates some biological disadvantages, including the toxicity developed by the release of monomers, the high temperature of curing polymerization which results in the necrosis of surrounding tissues, and poor osteoconductivity and bioactivity. Moreover, this cements are neither biodegradable nor colonized by bone tissue [22].