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Magnetosomes
Published in Ram K. Gupta, Sanjay R. Mishra, Tuan Anh Nguyen, Fundamentals of Low Dimensional Magnets, 2023
Marta Masó-Martínez, Paul D Topham, Alfred Fernández-Castané
Magnetosomes are functional magnetic nanoparticles generated by magnetotactic bacteria and are arranged as single-domain magnetic crystals individually wrapped in a phospholipid membrane. They have advantageous properties when compared to synthetic (chemical) MNPs: they are ferrimagnetic; have a narrow size distribution; are coated in organic material, which prevents aggregation; and can be functionalized in vivo using genetic engineering tools, allowing one-step manufacture of functionalized particles. Their biosynthesis is a clean process that is carried out at mild temperatures and generates safe waste. Magnetosomes have highly attractive prospects as “smart materials” for biotechnology and nanomedicine applications, such as cancer therapies, drug delivery, magnetic separation, and metal recovery. To ensure the future deployment of magnetosome-based technologies in industrial settings, fundamental research to unlock the mechanisms of growth and magnetosome formation in more varied MTB species is still needed. In addition, the combination of bioengineering and bioprocessing disciplines will be critical to the development of more robust and intensified bioprocesses that can be translated into real-world applications.
Recent Trends in Bioprocessing of Antibiotic Residues and Their Resistant Genes in Solid Waste
Published in Sunil Kumar, Zengqiang Zhang, Mukesh Kumar Awasthi, Ronghua Li, Biological Processing of Solid Waste, 2019
Shashi Arya, Rena, Digambar Chavan, Sunil Kumar
According to the updated and revised rule proposed by U.S. EPA (2015), antibiotic residues are considered a hazardous waste. Dumping antibiotics in the open is prohibited. One cannot use residue containing an antibiotic as an animal feedstuff, fertilizer, or landfill. In recent years, many efforts were made to treat the antibiotic residue, but without success. Different treatment methods come with different drawbacks. For example, when pyrolysis was done to treat the antibiotic residue the distilled oil, carbon residue, and volatile gases were hard to return to the system (Liet et al., 2012). Activated carbon to treat the antibiotics is very costly; it also has a low strength constant and precise surface area of the product. The antibiotics sector is in dire need of a technology that can treat antibiotic waste. Many research studies are being conducted to develop a technology that is environmentally, economically, and technically viable. Bioprocessing, the process that uses complete living cells or their components (e.g., bacteria, enzymes, chloroplasts) to obtain desired products, emerged as the most eco-friendly, sustainable, and economically cost-effective method for processing antibiotic residue.
Bioprocessing of Agrofood Industrial Wastes for the Production of Bacterial Exopolysaccharide
Published in V. Sivasubramanian, Bioprocess Engineering for a Green Environment, 2018
J. Kanimozhi, V. Sivasubramanian, Anant Achary, M. Vasanthi, Steffy P. Vinson, R. Sivashankar
Bioprocessing involves the complete use of microorganisms for the manufacture of valuable products and the bioconversion of valuable waste resources to build a sustainable future. Bioprocessing agrowaste using microorganisms is an alternative way to address this problem. Through the development of new innovations, different bioprocesses are employed in the utilization of agrowaste residues in various products. Using harsh chemical and physical processes to synthesize value-added products from waste resources becomes an expensive, hazardous, and nonrenewable proposition. Term related to using wastes through bioprocessing includes the following: Bioconversion, also known as biotransformation, which facilitates the conversion of organic matter such as plant or animal waste into appropriate commodities or bioenergies by biological processes or agents such as microorganismsBiorefinery, which is a concept related to transforming waste biomass into value-added chemicals, power, and fuelsBiotransformation, which involves microorganisms modifying chemical compounds
Prediction of multi-inputs bubble column reactor using a novel hybrid model of computational fluid dynamics and machine learning
Published in Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 2019
Amir Mosavi, Shahaboddin Shamshirband, Ely Salwana, Kwok-wing Chau, Joseph H. M. Tah
These type of reactors are produced in different shapes such as cylindrical and rectangular and different sizes, and they are a suitable domain for phase interactions such as liquid–gas, liquid–gas, and solid reactors (Behkish, Men, Inga, & Morsi, 2002; Cho, Woo, Kang, & Kim, 2002; Li & Prakash, 2002; Michele & Hempel, 2002; Ruzicka, Zahradnık, Drahoš, & Thomas, 2001). The gas distributors are also located at the bottom of the domain and sparge gas phase as a dispersed phase into the matrix phase as liquid phase or liquid–solid phase. When there are solid materials in the matrix (continuous phase), bubble column reactors are broadly called a slurry bubble column reactors (Bouaifi, Hebrard, Bastoul, & Roustan, 2001; Deen, Solberg, & Hjertager, 2000; Luo, Lee, Lau, Yang, & Fan, 1999; Shimizu, Takada, Minekawa, & Kawase, 2000). Bubble columns have an extensive application in different industries such as chemical, biochemical and pharmaceutical, where the interaction of different phases are very crucial, or the chemical reactions during production are sometimes required (Degaleesan, Dudukovic, & Pan, 2001). For instance, they are also used in biochemical processes including biological wastewater treatment as well as fermentation (Prakash, Margaritis, Li, & Bergougnou, 2001; Shah et al., 1982). They also have an extensive application for large-scale aerobic fermentations in the bioprocessing industry (Doran, 1995; Masood & Delgado, 2014; Şal et al., 2013). Furthermore, they are utilized for performing a range of reactions in the chemical industry (Anabtawi, Abu-Eishah, Hilal, & Nabhan, 2003; Maalej et al., 2003; Shah et al., 1982).