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3D Printing and Bioprinting Technologies
Published in Hyun Jung Kim, Biomimetic Microengineering, 2020
Se-Hwan Lee, Hyoryung Nam, Bosu Jeong, Jinah Jang
Since 3D printing techniques can effectively fabricate complex internal networks, they have been widely utilized as biofabrication strategies in tissue engineering. Porous scaffolds with morphologies similar to those of real organs can be fabricated by 3D printing techniques based on medical imaging data. In addition, 3D printing techniques have the potential to control biological factors, such as cell deposition, migration, orientation, alignment, and aggregation. Moreover, newly developed hydrogels for bioprinting are capable of delivering bioactive factors or cells. In particular, the dECM-based bioink is attracting attention with respect to its tissue-specific potential. In recent years, the biofabrication and bioink approaches have been carried out broadly, and in future, they will be the main ways of fabricating engineered tissues that are similar to those of real organ systems.
Principles and applications of bioprinting
Published in Ali Khademhosseini, Gulden Camci-Unal, 3D Bioprinting in Regenerative Engineering, 2018
Bioprinting has emerged as a flexible tool in regenerative medicine with potential in a variety of applications. Bioprinting is a relatively new field within biotechnology that can be described as robotic additive biofabrication that has the potential to build or pattern viable organ-like or tissue structures in three dimensions.1 In general, bioprinting uses a computer-controlled three-dimensional (3D) printing device to accurately deposit cells and biomaterials into precise geometries with the goal being the creation of anatomically correct biological structures. Generally, bioprinting devices have the ability to print cell aggregates, cells encapsulated in hydrogels or viscous fluids, or cell-seeded microcarriers—all of which can be referred to as bioink—as well as cell-free polymers that provide mechanical structure or act as placeholders.2,3 Biologically inspired, physiologically relevant computer-assisted designs can be used to design and guide the placement of specific types of cells and materials into precise, planned geometries that mimic the architecture of actual tissue construction,4 which can subsequently be matured into functional tissue constructs or organs.5,6
Biofabrication
Published in Karen J.L. Burg, Didier Dréau, Timothy Burg, Engineering 3D Tissue Test Systems, 2017
The term “biofabrication” defines processes in which biological tissues are assembled using rapid prototyping fabrication techniques. Similar to 3D fabrication, rapid-prototyping 3D biofabrication uses materials that are assembled in small elements, layers, or solid components, including cellular components to build a tissue. Three fabrication approaches combine cellular components and biomaterials to generate a tissue structure (Figure 2.7). The traditional tissue engineering approach where a single scaffold, such as an open-cell foam, is seeded with cells to form a tissue (Figure 2.7, top) contrasts with the more complex biofabrication approaches (Figure 2.7, middle and bottom).
A review on the recent progress, opportunities, and challenges of 4D printing and bioprinting in regenerative medicine
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Parvin Pourmasoumi, Armaghan Moghaddam, Saba Nemati Mahand, Fatemeh Heidari, Zahra Salehi Moghaddam, Mohammad Arjmand, Ines Kühnert, Benjamin Kruppke, Hans-Peter Wiesmann, Hossein Ali Khonakdar
3D printing technology has revolutionized many material fabrication methods, among which are scaffold fabrication methods, and has numerous advantages over previous conventional ones [3]. For example, specific unique designs, high structure control, live-cell printing, complex structure creation, and lower use of toxic organic solvents are some of the most important benefits of 3 D printing [4]. In addition, biofabrication aims to produce biologically functional products through bioprinting. In this process, cells are positioned at defined coordinates in 3 D space with the aid of automated and computer-controlled techniques. Materials suitable for biofabrication are often referred to as bioinks. As a general definition of bioinks, cells are a mandatory component of the ink formulation, which are also processed in combination with materials but not necessarily. In contrast, biomaterial inks are based on a biomaterial used for printing, while cell contact occurs only after processing [5].
Emerging technologies for combating pandemics
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Edward Weaver, Shahid Uddin, Dimitrios A. Lamprou
Biofabrication entails the construction of objects and systems using biological materials [15]. Often associated with tissue engineering (TE) and regenerative medicine (RM), biofabrication marks a pivotal step toward understanding the synthesis of biological systems from raw materials in a ‘bottom-up’ approach. Whilst biofabrication and bioprinting are technically separate entities, their use within literature overlaps to the point where they are often used interchangeably [15]. Biofabrication is associated with AM via the use of bioprinters, to print cells and tissues for the purpose of drug discovery, tissue research and tissue/organ transplantation. For the treatment of covid-19, a disease which primarily affects the respiratory system, biofabricated 3D lung models were proposed to assist in identifying drug targets relevant for 3D printing [16]. Alternative forms of biofabrication that exist are solvent casting, freeze-drying (lyophilization), and electrospinning scaffolds (Figure 2) [17]. Biofabrication helps reduce the need for experiments on living animals by providing a more accurate environment in a laboratory setting than what is achievable with simple cell cultures.
Deep learning for fabrication and maturation of 3D bioprinted tissues and organs
Published in Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 2020
Wei Long Ng, Alvin Chan, Yew Soon Ong, Chee Kai Chua
The conventional tissue-engineered scaffolds focus on achieving optimal mechanical properties, controlling degradation kinetics and delivering biomolecules and growth factors to guide cell proliferation and differentiation (González-Henríquez, Sarabia-Vallejos, and Rodriguez-Hernandez 2019; Shafranek et al. 2019). However, the inherent limitations of tissue-engineered scaffolds include poor cell homogeneity and low initial cell seeding density. The advent of 3D bioprinting facilitates the biofabrication of 3D patient-specific autologous tissue-engineered constructs (Sun et al. 2020; Ng, Chua, and Shen 2019; Murphy and Atala 2014; Jang et al. 2018). The key goal of 3D bioprinting is to fabricate 3D biomimetic and functional tissue-engineered constructs in a layer-by-layer fabrication approach (Ren et al. 2019; Liu et al. 2018); to re-engineer the complex structures of extracellular matrices (ECM) and facilitate the important cell-ECM and cell–cell interactions within the 3D tissue-engineered constructs (Ng et al. 2020). Although 3D bioprinting of tissues and organs for transplantation applications is still in the early stages of infancy, it holds great potential for scale-up production of 3D patient-specific tissues and organs in a highly-repeatable manner (Lee, Ng, and Yeong 2019; Mir et al. 2019).