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Drug Targeting: General Aspects and Relevance to Nanotechnology
Published in Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Drug Delivery Approaches and Nanosystems, 2017
Preethi Naik, Megha Marwah, Meenakshi Venkataraman, Gopal Singh Rajawat, Mangal Nagarsenker
Through decades of intensive research and revolutionary discoveries in basic science coupled with the advancement in technology, the scientific community has achieved tremendous progress and transformed the landscape of drug discovery and drug development. Success of drug therapy and disease treatment lies in availability of drug at specific sites, at therapeutically effective concentration for sufficient time period. This can be achieved by designing targeted drug delivery systems, also referred to as smart delivery systems (Muller and Keck, 2004). These systems selectively and effectively localize drugs at predetermined target(s) in therapeutic concentration, while restricting its access to nontarget(s) normal cellular linings (Torchilin, 2010). In a general sense, drug targeting refers to a mode of specifically and quantitatively accumulating drug at relevant pharmacological sites relative to others, independent of route of administration. The specificity can be achieved by designing a formulation or device that facilitates drug administration, improves pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of drug while enhancing the efficacy and safety of the drug therapy.
Applications of Nanobiomaterials in Drug Delivery
Published in Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Drug Delivery Approaches and Nanosystems, 2017
Yaser Dahman, Hamideh Hosseinabadi
Using NMs in drug delivery systems offers advantages for therapeutics (Park et al., 2008). First, drugs and imaging agents delivered with nanocarriers distributed over smaller volumes, which leads to decrease associated side effects (Drummond et al., 1999). Second, the biodistribution of the drugs at specific target is enhanced and pharmacokinetics is improved, which results in increased efficacy (Au et al., 2001; Moghimi and Szebeni, 2003). Third, the concentration of drug in healthy tissues and thus its toxicity is minimized (Das et al., 2011). The nanocarriers have been engineered to target tumors and disease sites that have permeable vasculature allowing easy delivery of payload. Specific targeting and reduced clearance increases the therapeutic index that consequently lowers the dose required for efficacy (Das et al., 2011). Fourth, nanocarriers can be used to improve the solubility of hydrophobic therapeutics in aqueous medium. Fifth, nanocarriers can efficiently stabilize labile molecules and prevent them from degradation (Koo et al., 2005; Kristl et al., 2003).
Synthesis and Biodisposition of Dendrimer Composite Nanoparticles
Published in Vladimir Torchilin, Mansoor M Amiji, Handbook of Materials for Nanomedicine, 2011
Lajos P. Balogh, Donald E. Mager, Mohamed K. Khan
Although nanoparticles can be modified to avoid detection by grafting biocompatible molecules to their surface,68 the properties of such particles in biological systems and their biodistribution and elimination are still poorly understood. Early literature data are often limited to crude characterization studies, with no attempt to understand nanodevice interaction with biological systems in quantitative detail. Most of the nanoparticle biodistribution studies have been largely focused on demonstrations of principles for a given application. In order to move beyond a purely empiric understanding of nanodevice behavior, it is critical to identify biologically relevant physiochemical and structural properties of nanodevice, and to construct models predicting their interaction with biologic systems.
Prostate-specific membrane antigen-directed imaging and radioguided surgery with single-photon emission computed tomography: state of the art and future outlook
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Luca Filippi, Barbara Palumbo, Viviana Frantellizzi, Susanna Nuvoli, Giuseppe De Vincentis, Angela Spanu, Orazio Schillaci
PSMA-inhibitors’ 111In-labeling has been carried out through different chelators: DOTAGA (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododececane,1-(glutaric acid)-4,7,10-triacetic acid), as an example, forms stable complexes with a wide range of radiometals and has been employed to develop a theranostic PSMA-based platform, namely ‘PSMA imaging and therapy (PSMA-I&T)’ allowing the conjugation with different radiometals [35,36]. In a comparative study with respect to 68Ga/177Lu-PSMA-I&T, the theranostic compound 111In-PSMA-I&S showed similar biodistribution (kidneys, gall bladder, salivary and lacrimal glands, spleen, liver, thyroid, digestive and urinary tracts), but accelerated blood clearance and reduced background accumulation, particularly in liver and intestine, while plasma protein binding resulted in 83% [36]. The chelator DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetra- azacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid) has been also successfully applied to develop the theranostic compound PSMA-617 [37–39].
Variation of Internal Doses Caused by Differences in Physical Characteristics between the Average Japanese and the ICRP’s Reference Man Which Is Based on the Standard Data of Caucasians in the Dosimetric Methodology in Conformity to the 2007 Recommendations
Published in Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 2022
Kentaro Manabe, Kaoru Sato, Fumiaki Takahashi
In contrast, it was found that the large differences in the equivalent dose coefficients proportional to the inverse values of organ masses were induced when radionuclides were accumulated in the organ. Retrospective dose evaluation for a high intake case requires SAF data reflecting the organ masses of the object person depending on the biodistribution and/or the radiation type and the energy characteristics of the incorporated radionuclide. In such situations, the SAF dataset of JM-103 and JF-103, which is supplement information of this paper, will be useful for a person whose physique is similar to that of the average adult Japanese.