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Bio-Based Materials for Food Packaging Applications
Published in Arbind Prasad, Ashwani Kumar, Kishor Kumar, Biodegradable Composites for Packaging Applications, 2023
Purnima Justa, Hemant Kumar, Sujeet Kumar Chaurasia, Adesh Kumar, Balaram Pani, Pramod Kumar
Bioplastic shows resemblance with conventional plastic in terms of their properties and hence can be used as a solution to the menace caused by the plastic. According to the European bioplastic organization, a plastic material is described as bioplastic if it is bio-based, is biodegradable, or has both attributes. Bioplastics as the name implies are bio-based polymers produced from renewable sources and are biodegradable (Mangaraj et al. 2019). Biodegradable polymers are environmentally benign since they break down into natural products, i.e. CO2 and N2, water, biomass, and inorganic salts by the action of naturally occurring microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi (Kumar et al. 2020). However, renewable resources-based plastics may not necessarily be biodegradable or vice versa (Figure 2.1 shows the origin and degradation relation) as biodegradation has a relation with the chemical structure of the compound rather than its origin (Qamar et al. 2020). Bio-based materials are a group of polymers extracted from natural material (biomass), microorganisms, or chemically synthesized from the natural monomer. The growing concern about the health and the environment acts as a driving force to produce natural and biodegradable packaging materials to protect both the environment as well as the quality of food. To match up with the conventional plastic materials for food packaging purpose, the bio-based materials have to compete with them in terms of cost and versatility, for which the bio-based plastic needs to excel in technical expectations.
Electrospinning of Biofibers and their Applications
Published in K.M. Praveen, Rony Thomas Murickan, Jobin Joy, Hanna J. Maria, Jozef T. Haponiuk, Sabu Thomas, Electrospun Nanofibers from Bioresources for High-Performance Applications, 2023
Biomaterials are made of multiple components with materials that can interact with biological systems. These materials can be natural or synthetic, live or lifeless. Biomaterials are mostly used to strengthen or replace a natural function in medical applications. A biomaterial is interacting with biological systems, which are designed to use for a medical purpose. The materials can be useful in a therapeutic and diagnostic process. The study of bioscience is quite new. There is an increasing concern about petroleum resources as they are non-renewable. There are lot of environmental issues related to the use of petroleum resources. For this reason, a wide range of novel bio-based materials have been developed from renewable agricultural and natural resources. Bio-based materials have many advantages over traditional materials such as, renewability, recyclability, sustainability, greater biodegradability, and lower cost. Biomaterials have these advantages and therefore they are playing an important role in mitigating the environmental threat caused by petroleum resources. A range of experiments are being undertaken with the goal of developing lightweight materials from natural resources and agricultural byproducts. These new materials include biopolymers, biofibers, and biocomposites [3].
Biocomposites and Nanocomposites
Published in Amit Sachdeva, Pramod Kumar Singh, Hee Woo Rhee, Composite Materials, 2021
C. H. Lee, S. H. Lee, F. N. M. Padzil, Z. M. A. Ainun, M. N. F. Norrrahim, K. L. Chin
In the past few years, bio-based materials have garnered tremendous interest in the research world due to their vast potential in producing various high-end products with fewer environmental issues. Annual global production of lignocellulosic is estimated to be approximately 1.3 × 1010 metric tons, which can be considered as one of the most abundant biopolymers available for the reinforcement of composites (Saratale and Oh, 2012). Cellulose is known for its abundant availability, biodegradability, low cost, high strength-to-weight ratio, renewability, and low density for natural reinforcing materials (Mat Zubir et al. 2016). Cellulose fibers are able to enhance mechanical as well as physical properties when used to reinforce polymer matrix composites. Nevertheless, high moisture absorption and a lack of compatibility with the hydrophobic polymer matrix make cellulose less suitable as a reinforcing agent in polymer matrices, especially for microscale materials (Gabr et al. 2013). Thus, nanocellulose is newly under research in order to find alternatives to solve the limitation and incompatibility issues of cellulose.
Development and hygric and thermal characterization of hemp-clay composite
Published in European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 2018
B. Mazhoud, F. Collet, S. Pretot, C. Lanos
In a context of sustainable development, bio-based building materials are developed to replace conventional products in order to reduce the impact on environment. Bio-based materials are relevant because they are made from renewable raw materials and allow carbon storage during their growing (Arnaud, 2013). Among them, hemp-based materials have been studied a lot these last years because hemp shiv have many advantages (renewal, recycling, carbon sequestration …) (Arnaud, 2013; Boutin, Flamin, Quinton, & Gosse, 2005; Cerezo, 2005; Collet & Pretot, 2012, 2014; Evrard, 2006; Pretot, Collet, & Garnier, 2014; Tran Le, Maalouf, Mai, Wurtz, & Collet, 2010). Up to now, many researches have been conducted on hemp concrete (Collet, Chamoin, Pretot, & Lanos, 2013; Laurent & Etienne, 2012). This material is usually composed of hemp shiv with lime-based binder. In such material, the LCA exhibits that the lime is the more impacting component during the production phase (Pretot et al., 2014).
Bio-based and recycled-waste materials in buildings: A study of energy performance of hemp-lime concrete and recycled-polyethylene terephthalate façades for office facilities in France and Italy
Published in Science and Technology for the Built Environment, 2018
Tala Moussa, Chadi Maalouf, Carlo Ingrao, Flavio Scrucca, Georges Costantine, Francesco Asdrubali
The increasing consideration of natural and/or recycled resources and energy conservation has recently renewed the interest on bio-based materials which can be considered environmentally friendly materials due to the low impacts associated to their life cycle. In particular, hemp and R-PET which can compete with conventional materials in terms of technical quality, primary energy and eco-compatibility for building sector. These materials, in fact, are characterized by a production process that has a lower impact compared to the one of conventional insulating materials. As calculated by Ingrao et al. (2014), for instance, a RPET-fiber-based insulator panel resulted to be less impacting than other panels often utilized for building insulating and enveloping, like those made from cork, EPS and rock wool. Such a result was for most of the impact categories that are usually considered in LCAs of buildings, namely: “carcinogens;” “noncarcinogens;” “respiratory inorganics;” “terrestrial ecotoxicity;” “land occupation;” “global warming;” and “nonrenewable energy.” This lower impact related to the production process, given the same thermal transmittance of the insulator, similar construction technique and similar end-of-life treatments—for example, almost the same impact of the use phase and the end-of-life phase—results in a lower overall life cycle impact. Furthermore, considering more advanced construction techniques (i.e., ventilated façades), the impact reduction is still greater, due to low impacts in the phases of assembly and also to the highest environmental gains at the end-of-life linked to the disassembly-recycle-reuse of construction materials. Ingrao et al. (2016b) documented, indeed, that the impact of a ventilated façade with R-PET is 13% to 25% less than the impacts of conventional wall compositions.