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Occurrence and fate of CECs transformation products
Published in Manish Kumar, Sanjeeb Mohapatra, Kishor Acharya, Contaminants of Emerging Concerns and Reigning Removal Technologies, 2022
The biotic transformation uses microbial populations like bacteria and fungi. Estrone, 17-β estradiol-17-glucuronide, and 17-β estradiol-13-glucuronide are the biotransformation products of 17-β estradiol (Ternes et al., 1999). Certain enzymes also catalyze the transformation of ECs. During water treatment, horseradish peroxidase, a commercially available enzyme, was found to transform tetracycline (TC), an antibiotic widely used in humans and animals. The biological toxicity of TC was found to reduce during this transformation (Leng et al., 2020). Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) is one of the widely used organophosphate fire retardants. Hence, their concentration in the aquatic environment is increasing gradually. It undergoes biotransformation in Daphnia magna, a standard species used for studying toxicity. A total of nine biotransformation products are formed from TPHP. Five of them exhibited high toxicity in aquatic organisms (Choi et al., 2020). Dydrogesterone is a synthetic progestogenic hormone. Its biotransformation using Macrophomina phaseolina, a plant fungus yielded 3β,11α-dihydroxy-5β,9β,10α- pregna-7-ene-6,20-dione, 8α-hydroxy-9β,10α-pregna4,6-diene-3,20-dione and 15β-hydroxy-9β,10α-pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione (Wajid et al., 2019). However, the formation of TPs through biotic transformation is limited because of the bio persistence of ECs, which are organic in nature.
Application of Microalgae for Removal of Pharmaceuticals from Aqueous Matrices
Published in Shashi Kant Bhatia, Sanjeet Mehariya, Obulisamy Parthiba Karthikeyan, Algal Biorefineries and the Circular Bioeconomy, 2022
Andreia Silva, Olga M. Freitas, Sónia A. Figueiredo, Cristina Delerue-Matos
Cultivation conditions greatly affect the chemical composition and growth of microalgae. Microalgae growth is affected by biotic and abiotic factors. Biotic factors comprise pathogenic microorganisms’ presence (e.g., bacteria, fungi, and viruses, and competition with other microalgae). Abiotic factors comprise light, pH, temperature, salinity, qualitative and quantitative nutrient profiles, dissolved oxygen concentration, and the presence of toxic compounds (Kumar and Kumar, 2020; Lee and Lee, 2001; Xiong et al., 2017a; Yazdi et al., 2018).
Turfgrass Diseases and Nematodes
Published in L.B. (Bert) McCarty, Golf Turf Management, 2018
Biotic causal agents are living organisms capable of causing disease, including both microorganisms and parasitic plants. In contrast to abiotic agents, biotic agents cause disease that is infectious, whereby infected plants produce inoculum that is spread in various ways to nonaffected, susceptible plants. Biotic agents of disease include fungi, bacteria, phytoplasmas, nematodes, viruses and viroids, parasitic plants, and protozoa.
Assessing the ecological health of River Ringim, Northwestern, Nigeria using macroinvertebrate-based Chanchaga Multimetric Index
Published in Water Science, 2023
Augustine Ovie Edegbene, Ahmad Jazuli, Ibrahim Muazzam Ayuba, Tega Treasure Edegbene Ovie, Ehi Constantine Akumabor
Human influences have affected tremendously most of the world’s ecosystems ranging from reduction of biotic assemblages across terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and deterioration of the quality of the ecosystems (Ge et al., 2022; Guo, Lenoir, & Bonebrake, 2018; Keke et al., 2021; Ogidiaka, Ikomi, Akamagwuna, & Edegbene, 2022). In recent times, freshwater ecosystems’ biotic assemblages have been on the decline owing to incessant human activities within the catchments and watersheds of these systems (Keke et al., 2021). The declining state of the freshwater biota results from multiple pressures including climate change, land use types, and channel alteration (Ge et al., 2022; Liu et al., 2021). In reducing the negative effects of these dangers befalling freshwater ecosystems globally, different nations of the world have come up with water policy frameworks to protect water bodies and their resources. For instance, Europe has come up with the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) to guide the activities of humans within the water systems (European Commission, 2000). Other countries like the United States of America and South Africa have also implemented water directives and frameworks serving as guides for water managers to forestall the degradation of water systems within their jurisdictions (González-Paz, Delgado, & Pardo, 2022). The major aim of the implementation of water directives and frameworks is for water systems to attain healthy ecological status.