China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Development of Ophthalmic Formulations
Published in Sandeep Nema, John D. Ludwig, Parenteral Medications, 2019
Paramita Sarkar, Martin Coffey, Mohannad Shawer
Glaucoma is a sight-threatening optic neuropathy. The disease is characterized by increased IOP, excavation of the optic nerve head, reduction in the number of retinal ganglion cells, and a resultant progressive loss of visual field. Elevated IOP is a major risk factor, and available antiglaucoma drugs treat this facet of the disease. The most common form of the disease is open-angle glaucoma in which IOP rises as a result of decreased outflow of aqueous humor through the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm’s canal. Antiglaucoma drugs may act by decreasing aqueous humor production or increasing aqueous humor outflow (via the trabecular meshwork or the uveoscleral pathway) [65]. Drugs that affect aqueous humor production include beta-2-adrenergic receptor agonists, beta-1-adrenergic receptor agonists, alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. The newest category of drugs used in the treatment for glaucoma is the prostaglandin analogs that affect aqueous humor outflow [66,67]. Most of these products need to be dosed once or twice daily. The prostaglandin analogs, however, have certain side effects associated with them, namely, iris hyperpigmentation and change in the length, color, and thickness of eyelashes; hyperemia; and pruritus.
Effects of ambient ozone exposure on circulating extracellular vehicle microRNA levels in coronary artery disease patients
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2020
Hao Chen, Yunan Xu, Ana Rappold, David Diaz-Sanchez, Haiyan Tong
The significant association between miR-150 expression and ambient O3 exposure for up to 4 days prior suggests that this biomarker is sensitive to this gaseous exposure and may serve as an important link to O3-induced adverse cardiovascular effects. In terms of other pollutants, Rodosthenous et al. (2016) found that chronic (1 year) exposure to ambient PM2.5 was significantly associated with miR-150 expression in plasma among older adults. Elevated miR-150 levels were shown to be protective effects against cardiovascular disease severity. Clinical studies reported that miR-150 levels were significantly higher in the early stages of acute myocardial infarction, while lower quantities of miR-150 were correlated with increased mortality rate due to acute ischemic stroke (Li et al. 2019; Scherrer et al. 2017). Enhanced expression of miR-150 was often detected among CAD patients and was associated with protective effects against ischemic injury by inhibiting monocyte influx and affecting ventricular remodeling after myocardial infraction or cardiac hypertrophy (Qiu et al. 2019). Luo et al. (2018) also found miR-150 restored endothelial function and reduced vascular remodeling through Pentraxin-related protein 3 and the NFκB pathway. The relationship between miR-150 expression and ambient O3 was even more prominent among subjects who were not taking diabetic medications or β-blockers. Similarly, miR-150 expression was downregulated by medication usage such as ACE inhibitors, β-blockers, statins, or aspirin among coronary heart disease patients (Li et al. 2019). These findings suggested that the use of such medications may lower miRNA levels and further maintain homeostasis for miRNA-mediated functional changes. While the manner in which medications, such as β-blocker, regulate circulating miRNA levels remain unclear, mechanisms of how these medications treat cardiovascular disease point to the direction of future research. For example, nebivolol, a type of β-blocker, might treat cardiac remodeling through activating the beta-2 adrenergic receptor (AR) pathway that involve proteins including FOXO1, BCL2, PIK3R1, and TGFB3, which are also regulating targets of miR-27a and miR-29a (Tran Quang et al. 2009; Yang et al. 2014). It is conceivable that the direct protective effects from β-blocker on cardiac remodeling were also reflected in the interaction between proteins on the beta-2 AR pathway and varying amounts of miRNAs.