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Gastrointestinal tract and salivary glands
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Barium preparations are the most commonly used contrast medium to fluoroscopically examine the pharynx and oesophagus. The barium swallow is a simple, safe and effective examination, particularly to identify causes of high or low dysphagia. Both single and double contrast techniques are employed in the examination of the oesophagus. Double contrast offers improved visualisation of fine mucosal detail, but single contrast is still employed for compression, displacement and motility disorders. It is important to acquire good mucosal distension for double contrast examinations as subtle lesions can be missed. If distension is not considered to have been achieved the swallow must be repeated. The complete examination includes examining the pharynx, oesophagus, oesophagogastric junction and gastric fundus, with checks for reflux and significantly abnormal oeosophageal motility.
Design insider
Published in Emmanuel Tsekleves, Rachel Cooper, Design for Health, 2017
Among the protocols used for patients with spinal injuries is the grading of food intake. There are four different levels that depend on the capacity of the patient. When patients are not able to swallow at all, food intake comes from cans of liquid food that are injected through a g-tube placed in the stomach. The next level is pureed food, then soft food and finally regular food. Swallowing capacity is evaluated by a series of tests. The Barium Swallow helps medical staff to see if there is difficulty in the oesophagus while swallowing. The patient ingests a solution of barium sulphate, a metallic compound. A special machine is used that has an x-ray image of the throat. If the barium solution goes down the right channel, the patient can go from stomach feeding to ingesting pureed food by mouth. Another test, the Dynamic Swallowing Study, determines whether a patient can move up to eating soft foods and then to a regular diet. Patients swallow barium-coated foods and x-ray images show the food as it travels through the mouth and down the throat to ensure that it is not going into the breathing tube.
Gastrointestinal system
Published in David A Lisle, Imaging for Students, 2012
Barium swallow is a relatively simple and noninvasive investigation in which the patient is asked to swallow liquid barium and images are obtained as it passes through the oesophagus. Indications for barium swallow include:DysphagiaSwallowing disorders in the elderly following stroke or central nervous system (CNS) traumaSuspected gastro-oesophageal refluxPost-oesophageal surgery.
Numerical visualisation of physical values during human swallowing using a three-dimensional swallowing simulator ‘Swallow Vision®’ based on the moving particle simulation method
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2019
Tetsu Kamiya, Yoshio Toyama, Keigo Hanyu, Megumi Takai, Takahiro Kikuchi, Yukihiro Michiwaki, Seiichi Koshizuka
The MPS method was proposed to simulate the swallowing action (Michiwaki et al., 2011), but the validity of the simulation was not evaluated in this patent. Like the MPS method, the SPH method was also considered to be useful for swallowing simulation (Ho et al. 2014a). The authors performed a 3D simulation using geometry from the Visible Korean dataset and used ArtiSynth, a simulation toolkit that supports combined multibody data and FEM. However, the movement was not derived from medical images, and a quantitative validation was not carried out. Ho et al. (2014b) successfully extracted the moving boundaries of a void space (upper airway) derived from 320-row area detector computed tomography (320-ADCT), then simulated food bolus flow using a mesh-free SPH method. There was good qualitative agreement between the simulation results and medical images taken from 320- ADCT, but quantitative validation was not carried out. Farazi et al. (2015) also simulated swallowing using the SPH method on ArtiSynth with a 3D biomechanical swallowing model created using the modified barium swallow impairment profile animation data. They used an airway skin-mesh that acts as the deformed boundary in the SPH formation. Their simulation scheme was able to track the food bolus qualitatively, but the boundary condition was no-slip and the human model was symmetric, so quantitative or numerical evaluation was not carried out.