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Development of Ophthalmic Formulations
Published in Sandeep Nema, John D. Ludwig, Parenteral Medications, 2019
Paramita Sarkar, Martin Coffey, Mohannad Shawer
Irrigation solutions used during and after surgery are of particular importance to the cornea and the lens. Both organs are avascular. The cornea obtains its nourishment mainly from the fluid in the anterior chamber and, to a lesser extent, from the tear. The lens obtains its nourishment from fluids, both in the anterior chamber and in the vitreous. The retina, ciliary body, and iris are vascularized tissues; they obtain their nourishment through the circulating plasma of the blood vessel network. Therefore, the components of the irrigation solution may not exert an effect on these tissues as significant as that on the cornea and the lens. A proper electrolyte balance as well as the addition of certain nutrients such as glucose and amino acids may add to the beneficial nature of an irrigation solution. Often irrigation solutions are used to simply bathe and soothe the eye and help wash away impurities and contaminants from the environment. There are two intraocular irrigation solutions presently being used in ophthalmic surgeries. These two irrigation solutions are BSS and BSS Plus (both by Alcon Labs, Inc.). BSS is a balanced salt solution that incorporates sodium citrate of a balanced salt solution with a bicarbonate buffering system, with dextrose added as an additional osmotic agent and energy source. An additional component oxidized glutathione is reduced by the ocular cells and serves as an antioxidant. In addition, some intraocular irrigation solutions may contain viscoelastic components or viscosity enhancers such as sodium hyaluronate, chondroitin sulfate, HPMC, and polyacrylamide. However, the use of these agents may lead to an elevation of IOP [80].
Impact of intrauterine exposure to the insecticide coragen on the developmental and genetic toxicity in female albino rats
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Amel Ramadan Omar, Ahmed Emam Dakrory, Marwa Mohamed Abdelaal, Heba Bassiony
Comet assay was carried out according to the protocol described by Nandhakumar et al. [24]. It was carried out for the maternal and fetal liver and kidney tissues of the three studied groups; control, LD and HD. Briefly, A small piece of each tissue was minced in 0.5 ml of Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS). Then, 10 µl of cell suspension was mixed with 70 µl of 0.5% low melting agarose (Sigma) and spread on a slide layered with 1% normal melting agarose. Slides were immersed in cold lysis buffer (2.5 M NaCl, 100 mM EDTA, 10 mM Tris base, 1% Triton X-100 and 10% DMSO) for 24 h at 4°C in darkness. Subsequently; slides were washed for 10 min in dH2O, incubated for 20 min in an alkaline buffer (300 mM NaOH and 1.0 mM EDTA, pH 13) and electrophoresed for 20 min at 300 mA and 25 V (0.90 V/cm). After electrophoresis, slides were neutralized in 0.4 M Tris (pH 7.5), fixed in 100% cold ethanol, dried and stained with ethidium bromide (0.2 μg/ml). For scoring; slides were examined by fluorescent microscope (Carl Zeiss Axioplan). The extent of DNA migration was determined by imaging using a Closed-Circuit Digital (CCD) camera and scoring of 50 cells at magnification 400× using Comet 5 image analysis software (Kinetic Imaging, Ltd., Liverpool, UK). Tail length, percentage of DNA in tail and tail moment was evaluated and used as indicators for DNA damage.
Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant, anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities of Lycium europaeum fruits
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Houda Mejri, Ines Ouerghemi, Wissem Aidi Wannes, Faouzia Mahjoub Haddada, Nizar Tlili, Majdi Hammami, Catherine Dussault, Karl Girad-La Lancette, André Pichette, Jean Legault, Moufida Saidani-Tounsi
Pro and antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DCFH-DA assay as described by Girard-Lalancette et al. (2009), with some modifications. Briefly, Human Skin Fibroblast cells were plated in 96-microwell plates (BD Flacon) at 10.000 cells per well and incubated for 48 h at 37◦C and 5% CO2. The cells were washed with 150 µL Hank’s balanced salt solution at pH 7.4 and incubated for 90 min with 100 µL HBSS (pH 7.4) containing 5 µM DCFH-DA. The cells were then washed again with 150 µL HBSS. To assess antioxidant activity, the cells were incubated either with different concentrations of L. europaeum fruit extracts, or Trolox and quercetin (both positive standards), in the absence or presence of 200 µM tert-butylhydroperoxyde (t-BuOOH). Fluorescence was measured immediately after t-BH administration and again 120 min later using an automated 96-well plate reader (Fluoroskan Ascent FLTM, Thermo-Labsystems) using 485 nm for excitation and 530 nm for emission. IC50 were calculated using the logarithmic regression of the dose–response curve after subtraction of both blank and intrinsic sample fluorescence values.
Bacteria-targeting chitosan/carbon dots nanocomposite with membrane disruptive properties improve eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2021
Muhammad Arif, Mohamed Sharaf, Quanjiang Dong, Lili Wang, Zhe Chi, Chen-Guang Liu
Chitosan (Deacetylation degree 85%, 70 Pa·s) was obtained from (Qingdao Red Sea Biological Technology Co., Ltd.) and used without further purification. Poly (malic acid) (PMLA) was obtained through bacterial fermentation by the research team of Professor Chi Zhenming from the Laboratory of Microbiology at Ocean University of China. Amoxicillin, Urea, ammonium citrate, anhydrous pyridine, N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF), and PI were purchased from SinopharmWeiqida Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd (Datong, China). Cysteine was purchased from Hangzhou Sijiqing Co., Ltd. DMEM, fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin, streptomycin, and trypsin-EDTA were from Gibco (Carlsbad, USA). 3-(4, 5-dimethyl-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, USA). Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS) was obtained from Solarbio (Beijing, China). 12- Aminododecanoic acid was purchased from Sun Chemical Technology Co, Ltd (Shanghai, China). All other chemicals and reagents were of analytical grade.