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Industrial Prospects of Bacterial Microcompartment Technologies
Published in Deepak Kumar Verma, Ami R. Patel, Sudhanshu Billoria, Geetanjali Kaushik, Maninder Kaur, Microbial Biotechnology in Food Processing and Health, 2023
Shagun Rastogi, Chiranjit Chowdhury
Enzyme-based technologies are being exploited in a broad range of applications, such as in bio-energy, paper, textile, agriculture, and household use. During industrial processes, the enzymes are often exposed to high temperatures, extremes of pH, or oxidizing agents, which drastically effect on enzyme stability and thereby reducing product yield (Littlechild, 2015). Moreover, slower reaction rates, production of toxic or volatile intermediate are too great obstacle for efficient product formation (Conrado et al., 2008; Dueber et al., 2009; Lee et al., 2012; Giessen and Silver, 2016). A strategy of confinement of reacting partners in a closed compartment by sequestering them from cytoplasmic milieu perhaps increases substrate concentration in close proximity to metabolic enzymes without significant buildup of pernicious intermediate, which may otherwise be detrimental to the cell (Dueber et al., 2009; Hurtley, 2009; Lopez-Gallego and Schmidt-Dannert, 2010; Held et al., 2013; Frank et al., 2013; Hagen et al., 2018a). In nature, cells often undertake this strategy in order to optimize metabolic reactions and prevent unwanted side reactions. A hallmark example of this strategy is found in peroxisome, a eukaryotic membrane-bound organelles (Chowdhury et al., 2014). Bacteria, on the other hand, confine problematic metabolic pathways within a protein shell, forming a structure known as bacterial microcompartment (MCP) (Figure 10.1). The protein shell effectively confines toxic or volatile pathway intermediates (Cheng et al., 2008; Kerfeld et al., 2010; Chowdhury et al., 2014; Bobik et al., 2015). These proteinaceous organelles serve as tiny reaction chambers, sequester toxic metabolite, and stabilize unstable proteins or biosynthetic intermediates (Kerfeld et al., 2010; Rae et al., 2013; Chowdhury et al., 2014).
Microbiology in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids
Published in Tribology Transactions, 2020
Frederick J. Passman, Peter Küenzi
At first, most bacteria appear as simple structures surrounded by a distinct cell membrane and cell wall structures that add rigidness and stability while lacking a membrane-bound nucleus (→ prokaryotes). But a closer look reveals that most bacterial cells are sophisticated, containing functional analogues to eukaryotic membrane-bound organelles called bacterial microcompartments encapsulated by protein shells (24, 25) and cytoskeletons (26).