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Fondamental Aspects of Secretory Enzyme Production by Recombinant Microbes
Published in Yoshikatsu Murooka, Tadayuki Imanaka, Recombinant Microbes for Industrial and Agricultural Applications, 2020
Noboru Takizawa, Mitsuo Yamashita, Yoshikatsu Murooka
Bacillus subtilis has a powerful ability to secrete many proteins, such as amylases and proteinases into the culture medium. However, little is known about its protein export systems. Only the secY and secE genes mB. subtilis have been cloned in E. coli, and their sequences have been studied. A deduced product of the secY (SecY) in B. subtilis is composed of 423 amino acids, and its Mx is calculated to be 46,300. The SecY of#. subtilis is suggested to be a membrane-integrated protein, with ten transmembrane segments. The amino acid sequence of the B. subtilis SecY shows 41% homology with that of E. coli SecY [46]. A deduced product of secE (SecE) is composed of 59 amino acids and has been proposed to have three transmembrane segments. The secE ofB. subtilis complemented the secE mutation in E. coli [47]. Nevertheless, no evidence that SecY in B. subtilis functions in the protein translocation has been obtained; SecY and SecA function in spore formation [48,49; H. Yoshikawa, personal communication].
Bacterial Biodeterioration
Published in Thomas Dyer, Biodeterioration of Concrete, 2017
Research has also examined the possibility of using genetically-engineered bacteria to produce biocidal substances to limit the growth of sulphate reducing bacteria [169]. The bacteria used for this purpose were strains of Bacillus subtilis which were genetically engineered to secrete the peptide antimicrobials indolicidin and bactenecin. When introduced into cultures containing the sulphate reducing bacteria Desulfovibrio vulgaris this population was reduced by 83%.
Investigation of effects of protease enzyme produced by Bacillus subtilis 168 E6-5 and commercial enzyme on physical properties of woolen fabric
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2020
Elif Demirkan, Dilek Kut, Tuba Sevgi, Meral Dogan, Eren Baygin
The use of enzymes in the textile industry is one of the most rapidly growing fields in industrial enzymology. In the textile industry, enzymes are increasingly being used to develop cleaner processes and reduce the use of raw materials and the production of waste. The enzymatic processes are performed at much lower temperatures and use less water compared with classical methods (Adrio & Demain, 2014). Various enzymes such as amylase, laccase, pectinase, lipase, protease, catalase, and xylanase are used in different textile processing steps. Proteases constitute one of the most important groups of industrial enzymes, accounting for approximately 60% of the total enzyme market (Sawant & Nagendran, 2014). Proteases (peptidases or proteolytic enzymes) are degradative enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of peptide bonds in other proteins and are classified according to their structure or the properties of their active site. There are several kinds of proteases, such as serine-, metallo-, carboxyl-, acidic-, neutral-, and alkaline proteases. Proteases are obtained from plants, animal organs, and microorganisms, with the majority obtained from bacteria and fungi. Bacillus species are the main producers of extracellular proteases, and industrial sectors frequently use Bacillus subtilis to produce various enzymes (Pant et al., 2015). Proteases are widely used in leather processing, the detergent industry, food industries, bioremediation processes, the pharmaceutical industry, the textile industry, waste processing companies, the film industry, and other sectors (Souza et al., 2015).
Microbial fermentation technology for degradation of saponins from peony seed meal
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2023
Sun Zhen, Zirwa Abdul Rauf, Xiao Fenfen, Kai Zhan, Ma Ruiyu, Zaigui Wang
The microbial fermentation of green waste with certain bacteria or fungi can detoxify or fully degrade the saponins and other toxic components, making it suitable for further use. For instance, some species of Bacillus can produce enzymes that degrade saponins and reduce their toxicity.[17–19]Bacillus subtilis has been widely used as a probiotic in animal husbandry and the feed industry because it is non-toxic, non-residual, and non-polluting.[20,21] It is characterized by easy culture, fast reproduction, and adaptability to the environment. Numerous studies have shown that when feed is fermented with probiotics, it promotes food conversion by creating a favorable gastroenteric environment for natural flora, thereby producing beneficial effects on the growth performance of animals and birds.[22,23] Qian et al. noted that the composition of saponin was significantly different for tea seed meal before and after fermentation with B. subtilis natto and Lactobacillus crustorum, which also reduced the hemolytic activity of tea seed meal.[24]Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a yeast that is widely distributed and rich in nutritional functions, exhibits a promising capacity for use in poultry and livestock feed. Ahiwe et al.[25] and Sousa et al.[26] independently articulated the encouraging use of yeast in modulating the intestinal environment, increasing meat yield and antimicrobial potential, and escalating broiler growth. In addition, the introduction of live yeast to livestock feed can serve the function of reducing aflatoxin damage to the host animal, maintaining its health.[27]
Green synthesis and characterizations of silver nanoparticles with enhanced antibacterial properties by secondary metabolites of Bacillus subtilis (SDUM301120)
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2021
Xiuxia Yu, Junyu Li, Dashuai Mu, Hui Zhang, Qiaoxi Liu, Guanjun Chen
Physical and chemical methods are common methods for the production of metal nanoparticles. However, these methods are often accompanied by the use of toxic chemicals and excessive consumption of energy. Biological approaches have advantages over aforementioned methods as they are used to prepare AgNPs in a simple, safe, clean, and environmentally friendly manner (27). Researchers prefer biosynthesis (28–35). Different resources such as bacteria (27,36,37), fungi (38,39), plant (4,40,41), algae (42), and even yeast (43) have been reported for the biosynthesis of AgNPs. Arsiya et al. obtained nanoparticles by biomass of Chlorella vulgaris (44); Kalimuthu et al. synthesized AgNPs with a particle size of about 50 nm by mixing the biomass of Bacillus licheniformis with AgNO3 solution for 24 h (36); AbdelRahim et al. employed mycelia extract of the fungi Rhizopus stolonifer to synthetic AgNPs (45); Li et al. synthesized AgNPs with a mean diameter ranging from 1 to 10 nm in the culture supernatants of Aspergillus terreus (46). However, the researchers as mentioned above only synthesized pure AgNPs, they did not pay great attention to the special role of secondary metabolites that played in the synthesis of silver nanoparticle. Up to now, several researchers have begun synthesizing metal nanoparticles with antibacterial effect by employing bioactive ingredients with medical functions found in plants (4,47,48). Parlinska-Wojtan reported the production of AgNPs with antimicrobial effect using camomile extract and clove eugenol (49,50), Kasithevar et al. reported a green process for rapid synthesis of AgNPs against Multi-Drug Resistant Clinical Isolates from Post-Surgical Wound Infections using aqueous leaf extract of Corchorus Capsularis (47). Therefore, we assumed that we could obtain AgNPs with enhanced antibacterial properties by using bioactive substances obtained from antagonistic bacteria Bacillus subtilis. Bacillus subtilis is gram-positive, aerobic, endospore-forming rod commonly found in soil and oceans (51). This bacterium can produce a variety of secondary metabolites with broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity such as peptides, lipopeptides, phospholipids, and polyene (52). In addition, there may be some reducing group in chemically diverse structures of these bioactive components such as amine group or hydroxyl group (52–55), which has the ability to perform functions of reduction of Ag+ to Ag0 (56). Biomolecules were immobilized on the surface of AgNPs while reacting with silver nitrate to form AgNPs.