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Water Biology
Published in Frank R. Spellman, The Science of Water, 2020
Bacteria are categorized into three general groups based on their physical form or shape (though almost every variation has been found; see Table 5.3). The simplest form is the sphere. Spherical shaped bacteria are called cocci. Cocci mean “berries.” They are not necessarily perfectly round but may be somewhat elongated, flattened on one side, or oval. Rod-shaped bacteria are called bacilli. Spiral-shaped bacteria (called Spirilla), which have one or more twists and are never straight, make up the third group (see Figure 5.4). Such formations are usually characteristic of a particular genus or species. Within these three groups are many different arrangements. Some exist as single cells; others as pairs, as packets of four or eight, as chains, and as clumps.
Water Microbiology
Published in Frank R. Spellman, Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations, 2020
Bacteria are categorized into three general groups based on their physical form or shape (though almost every variation has been found; see Table 10.2). The simplest form is the sphere. Spherical shaped bacteria are called cocci (meaning “berries”). They are not necessarily perfectly round, but may be somewhat elongated, flattened on one side, or oval. Rod shaped bacteria are called bacilli. Spiral shaped bacteria (called Spirilla), which have one or more twists and are never straight, make up the third group (see Figure 10.2). Such formations are usually characteristic of a particular genus or species. Within these three groups are many different arrangements. Some exist as single cells; others as pairs, as packets of four or eight, as chains, and as clumps.
Microbial Biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2020
Bacteria display a wide diversity of shapes and sizes, called morphologies. Bacterial cells are approximately one-tenth the size of eukaryotic cells and are typically 0.5–5.0 μm in length. However, a few species, such as Thiomargarita namibiensis and Epulopiscium fishelsoni, are up to half a millimeter long and are visible to the unaided eye. Among the smallest bacteria are members of the genus Mycoplasma, which measure only 0.3 μm—as small as the largest viruses. Some bacteria may be even smaller, but these ultramicrobacteria are not well studied. Most bacterial species are either spherical, called cocci, or rod-shaped, called bacilli. Some rod-shaped bacteria, called vibrio, are slightly curved or comma-shaped. Others can be spiral-shaped, called spirilla, or tightly coiled, called spirochetes. A small number of species even have tetrahedral or cuboidal shapes. More recently, bacteria that grow as long rods with a star-shaped cross section were discovered deep under the earth’s crust. The large surface area-to-volume ratio of this morphology may give these bacteria an advantage in nutrient-poor environments. This wide variety of shapes is determined by the bacterial cell wall and cytoskeleton and is important because it can influence the ability of the bacteria to acquire nutrients, attach to surfaces, swim through liquids, and escape predators. Many bacterial species exist simply as single cells, while others associate in characteristic patterns: Neisseria form diploids (pairs), Streptococci form chains, and Staphylococcus group together in “bunch of grapes” clusters. Bacteria such as Actinobacteria can also be elongated to form filaments.
Heavy metal remediation and resistance mechanism of Aeromonas, Bacillus, and Pseudomonas: A review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Ali Fakhar, Bushra Gul, Ali Raza Gurmani, Shah Masaud Khan, Shafaqat Ali, Tariq Sultan, Hassan Javed Chaudhary, Mazhar Rafique, Muhammad Rizwan
Genus Bacillus is a ubiquitous genus of bacteria in the environment. It belongs within family Bacillaceae, order Bacillales, class Bacilli, phylum Firmicutes, and kingdom Bacteria (Hatamoto et al., 2017). Bacillus includes endospore-forming, rod-shaped, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic members with lengths of approximately 0.3–2.2 to 1.2–7.0 µm. The bacteria are Gram-positive but may become Gram-negative with age in some cases (Alina et al., 2015). Most of them are motile. The spore-forming ability of genus Bacillus enables these bacteria to resist harsh physical and chemical conditions. Unusual physiological features of various species enable them to survive and replicate rapidly in diverse environmental conditions, such as desert sands, the gastrointestinal tract of fin-fish and shellfish, fresh waters, soil, hot springs, and marine sediments (Soltani et al., 2019). Their easy inoculation and replication make these bacteria more capable of absorbing heavy metals in a polluted environment, demonstrating their promise for bioremediation (Wong, 2015).
Co(II)-coordination polymer: treatment and testing values on calculus of ureter by inhibiting the growth of urinary tract pathogens
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2022
Tao Yue, Yan Jing, Lei Tan, Rui Xue
The prerequisite for the formation of infectious stones is persistent urinary tract infection. Among the pathogens that cause urinary tract infections, about 1/3 are caused by microorganisms (fungi, bacteria, mycoplasma) that produce urease, especially the bacteria.[1] The most common are Proteus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas Monas and Staphylococcus.[2] Urinary tract infection bacteria are mainly Gram-negative bacilli, with Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae ranking first and second separately.[3] Thus, in this present research, we aimed to develop new candidates for the treatment of calculus of ureter through inhibiting the growth of urinary tract pathogens.
Shifts of acidogenic bacterial group and biogas production by adding two industrial residues in anaerobic co-digestion with cattle manure
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2021
Guilherme Henrique da Silva, Nathan Oliveira Barros, Larice Aparecida Rezende Santana, Jailton da Costa Carneiro, Marcelo Henrique Otenio
The cultivation medium EMB is a differential culture medium that inhibits the growth of Gram-positive bacteria and indicates if the bacteria ferment lactose or not and is used as a medium for slightly selective differentiation for isolation and differentiation of gram-negative enteric bacilli. The colonies of Escherichia coli are easily identifiable by their metallic green coloring in the middle of EMB. MacConkey Agar is a culture medium intended to grow gram-negative bacteria and to indicate lactose fermentation. Bacterial colonies that ferment lactose make the medium light pink and bacteria that are not lactose fermenting make the medium light yellow. The colonies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa has a coloration ranging from colorless to green.[30]