China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Toxic Responses of the Kidney
Published in Stephen K. Hall, Joana Chakraborty, Randall J. Ruch, Chemical Exposure and Toxic Responses, 2020
The kidneys are complex organs which perform many functions vital to maintenance of homeostasis including: excretion of wastes; regulation of extracellular fluid volume and electrolyte composition; conversion of inactive vitamin D3 to its active 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 form; and the systemic release of erythropoietin, renin, vasoactive prostaglandins, and kinins. A toxic challenge to the kidneys could diminish or alter any of these functions. However, normal renal function is usually assessed through the analysis of urine, the major waste product produced by the kidneys. Rapid and accurate clinical urinary tests include: volume measured as a function of time; pH; concentration of certain ions (sodium, potassium, magnesium, phosphate); glucose; aminoacids; and osmolarity. Additionally, a toxic challenge to the kidneys could result in the loss of the kidneys’ ability to eliminate waste. This results in an increase in the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and plasma creatinine concentrations. Determination of BUN is used as a general measure of renal dysfunction; however, any alteration in protein metabolism whether due to kidney or other organ dysfunction will lead to elevated BUN levels. Alterations in BUN and plasma creatinine are the classical clinical tests employed to measure decreased or impaired waste elimination. This does not indicate that waste elimination is primarily affected by a toxic challenge, only that these tests are reliable and rapid measures of decreased renal function.
Recent Development of Hemodialysis Membrane Materials
Published in Stephen Gray, Toshinori Tsuru, Yoram Cohen, Woei-Jye Lau, Advanced Materials for Membrane Fabrication and Modification, 2018
Muhammad Irfan, Masooma Irfan, Ani Idris, Ghani ur Rehman
Renal insufficiency is also represented by the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration. Healthy adult individuals show BUN levels up to 7–20 mg/dl, which will be greatly increased to 40–60 mg/dl in case of kidney failure (Daugirdas et al., 2007; Mavroidis, 2006). The phosphate (MW: 1355 g/mol), insulin (MW: 5808 g/mol), and β2-microglobin (β2-m) (MW: 11800 g/mol) clearance results are utilized to estimate the dialyzer performance for the passage of larger molecular weight solutes. In vitro experiments of the dialysis of β2-m are difficult and rarely reported by commercial dialyzer companies. Higher β2-m removal rate corresponds to poor protein retention. Since the commercial dialyzing companies are producing different types of dialyzers on the basis of surface area of hollow fibers under the same main brand name, thus for ease of comparison, the solute dialysis efficiencies organized from minimum to maximum clearance percentage are shown in Table 19.1.
Toxic effects of Aroclor 1254 on rat liver and modifying roles of selenium
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Aylin Balcı Özyurt, Pınar Erkekoğlu, Naciye Dilara Zeybek, Ali Aşcı, Ünzile Yaman, Ofcan Oflaz, Murat Kızılgün, Evin İşcan, Tuğçe Batur, Mehmet Öztürk, Belma Koçer-Gümüşel
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total bilirubin and creatinine levels were measured by an automatic analyzer (Beckman Coulter, Inc., Brea, CA, USA). While measuring BUN, urea is hydrolyzed enzymatically by urease to yield ammonia and carbon dioxide. The ammonia and α-oxoglutarate are converted to glutamate in a reaction catalyzed by L-glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH). Simultaneously, a molar equivalent of reduced NADH is oxidized.3,4,5 Two molecules of NADH are oxidized for each molecule of urea hydrolyzed. The rate of change in absorbance at 340 nm, due to the disappearance of NADH, is directly proportional to the BUN concentration in the sample. For the measurement of total bilirubin, a stabilized diazonium salt, 3,5-dichlorophenyldiazonium tetrafluoroborate (DPD) that reacts with bilirubin to form azobilirubin was used. Caffeine and a surfactant are used as reaction accelerators. The absorbance at 570/660 nm is proportional to the bilirubin concentration in the sample. A separate serum blank is performed to eliminate endogenous plasma interferences. In the creatinine measurements, picric acid, which reacts with creatinine at alkaline pH to form a yellow-orange complex was used. The rate of change in absorbance at 520/800 nm is proportional to the creatinine concentration in the sample.
Ingestion of Sudan IV-adulterated palm oil impairs hepato-renal functions and induces the overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines: A sub-acute murine model
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Ofem E. Eteng, Ceaser A. Moses, Emmanuel I. Ugwor, Joe E. Enobong, Adio J. Akamo, Yewande Adebekun, Arikpo Iwara, Eyong Ubana
Uric acid, BUN, and creatinine are clinically important biomarkers of kidney function. Uric acid is the byproduct of purine metabolism, while creatinine is produced by muscle (from creatine phosphate] and during protein catabolism. BUN is a measure of the amount of urea nitrogen present in the blood. Urea is a waste product of protein and amino acid, filtered by the kidneys into the urine. These markers are efficiently eliminated unchanged by the kidney, making them an important serum biomarker for kidney function [28]. Increased levels of these markers (as is the case in S4D-exposed rats) may result from decreased blood volume (hypovolemia) or decreased filtration rate by the kidneys [29]. Thus, the accumulation of these markers further affirms the impairment of renal function by S4D.