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Acoustically Reflective Nanoparticles for Tumor Diagnosis
Published in D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija, Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
R. G. Aswathy, D. Sakthi Kumar
Echogenic liposomes (ELIPs) are versatile ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) composed of air and an aqueous core encapsulated by a lipid shell. The ELIP shell is mechanically stabilized with biocompatible phospholipids for improved persistence in the biological fluids. The air pockets present in the lipid bilayer create acoustic reflectivity [55]. Targeted ELIPs for US detection and enhancement of vasoactive atheroma and pathologic constituents of endothelium have been developed (Figure 5.2). Atheroma is the degeneration of the walls of the arteries affected by the accumulation of fat and scar tissue that ultimately leads to the restriction of the circulation of blood and resulting in the risk of thrombosis. ELIP developed against several inflammatory markers, such as anti-intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (anti-ICAM1), anti-vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (anti-VCAM1), anti-fibrin, anti-fibrinogen, and anti-tissue factor (anti-TF) has been reported. Liposomes that were targeted accrued at atheroma and signal augmentation was observed 5 min after i.v. injection in the swine model [56]. Efficient recognition of molecular constituents permits staging of atheroma, which can improve the therapeutic strategies.
Intravascular Ultrasound for Molecular Imaging
Published in Robert J. Gropler, David K. Glover, Albert J. Sinusas, Heinrich Taegtmeyer, Cardiovascular Molecular Imaging, 2007
The most dangerous form of cardiovascular disease is atherosclerotic coronary artery disease, which leads to narrowing and stiffening of arteries supplying blood to the heart. Atherosclerosis arises from repeated injury, subsequent inflammation, and repair of the vascular wall. Endothelial injury leads to an inflammatory response and lipid accumulation mostly from low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the blood. Endothelial cells, along with macrophages, promote rapid lipid accumulation leading to fatty streaks or foam cells. At this stage, atherosclerosis is mostly reversible with appropriate changes to risk factors (smoking, exercise, healthy diet, etc.). If atherosclerosis continues, a plaque (atheroma) forms around a lipid core. A stable plaque (fibroatheroma) is characterized by a thick fibrous cap composed of smooth muscles cells and a small lipid core. In contrast, rupture-prone plaque is often characterized by a large lipid core and a thin fibrous cap. They are sometimes referred to as vulnerable plaques. Note that the lipid core is highly thrombolytic. Upon rupture, lipids interact with the blood to induce thrombosis, artery blockage, and ultimately myocardial infarction. If the atheroma stabilizes, smooth muscle cell proliferation can prevent rupture but still lead to calcification and severe fibrosis. Continued plaque growth can lead to severe stenosis and myocardial ischemia. Recent studies have shown that plaque rupture, not vessel occlusion, is the leading cause of these acute events (6–7).
A review on femoropopliteal arterial deformation during daily lives and nickel-titanium stent properties
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2022
Ali K. Kareem, Mustafa M. Gabir, Inas R. Ali, Al E. Ismail, Ishkrizat Taib, Nofrizalidris Darlis, Omar M. Almoayed
Due to arterial arteriosclerosis, they attribute about 90% of the cases of patients with PAD [10]. Inflammatory arteriosclerosis disease occurs in the artery wall with several multistage progressions. It begins via lesion inception during artery endothelial-damage, which occurs by different reasons, for example, mechanical stress during limb flexion, metabolic disorders related to risk reasons, hemodynamic troubles and various inflammatory or resistant processes, such as increased oxidative stress [9]. The second step of progress is called progressive occlusive-lesions [16]. The factor leading to this stage is the non-clinical importance of thickening of the internal intima that could lead to haemodynamics of important fibroproliferative-atheroma, where the advanced level of lesion attacks the deeper layers of the artery wall. This type of lesion contains a complex structure of elastin, a composed layer of collagen, macrophages, soft muscle-cells, and a nucleus that includes fats, necrotic cells or calcium residue. The differentiation of PAD lesion diseases with coronary artery plaque, known as PAD lesions. Typically has additional fibrous with additional calcium amounts that could lead to spreading through the tunica-media [17,18]. However, the field of reasons for the aetiology of FPA lesions is still unclear, making it an active research topic [19–24].
Evaluation of sucrose-enriched diet consumption in the development of risk factors associated to type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a murine model
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2021
Carolina Gabriela Plazas Guerrero, Selene De Jesús Acosta Cota, Francisco Humberto Castro Sánchez, Marcela De Jesús Vergara Jiménez, Efrén Rafael Ríos Burgueño, Juan Ignacio Sarmiento Sánchez, Lorenzo Antonio Picos Corrales, Ulises Osuna Martínez
After aorta histopathological analysis, no significant differences were found between experimental groups. No significant lesions were observed in the intima, media and adventitia tunics of the aorta in the samples analyzed and no atheroma plaque formation or atherosclerosis development was observed (Figure 9). Aorta tissue samples of CG presented a slight wall thickening (16.6%), lymphocytes on the wall (50%), hemorrhage (50%) and vascular congestion (33.3%). On the other hand, histopathological analysis of SG samples, showed a slight wall thickening (16.6%), presence of few lymphocytes in the wall (100%) as well as vascular congestion (50%) and haemorrhage (50%). Besides, aorta tissue samples of SG showed higher amount of perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) than those of the CG.
Intraoperative storage of saphenous vein grafts in coronary artery bypass grafting
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2019
Catherine J. Pachuk, Sophie K. Rushton-Smith, Maximilian Y. Emmert
Saphenous vein grafts (SVGs) are the most frequently used conduits for non-left anterior descending coronary territories in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Compared with arterial conduits, the long-term patency of SVGs is compromised because of vein graft disease (VGD) and subsequent failure [1,2]. Early graft failure, occurring within a month of surgery, is primarily due to technical issues related to the surgery or to rheological issues [3–5]. Late failure, occurring after 30 days and up to a decade or more following CABG surgery, results from VGD attributed to ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) [6,7], manifested as intimal hyperplasia with atheroma formation, stenosis or thrombosis [8]. As it is more complicated and costly and less successful to treat a failed graft rather than an occluded native coronary [9], a critical focus needs to be placed on preventing graft failure.