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Published in Michael L. Madigan, HAZMAT Guide for First Responders, 2017
Aspiration hazard includes severe acute effects such as chemical pneumonia, varying degrees of pulmonary injury, or death following aspiration. Aspiration is the entry of a liquid or solid directly through the oral or nasal cavity, or indirectly from vomiting, into the trachea and lower respiratory system. Substances and mixtures of this hazard class are assigned to one of the two hazard categories this hazard class on the basis of viscosity.
Modelling of swallowing organs and its validation using Swallow Vision®, a numerical swallowing simulator
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2019
Yukihiro Michiwaki, Tetsu Kamiya, Takahiro Kikuchi, Yoshio Toyama, Keigo Hanyuu, Megumi Takai, Seiichi Koshizuka
Swallowing food is an intrinsic function for most people; however, it is associated with risks such as aspiration and aspiration pneumonia. Aspiration is the accidental entry of food into the trachea, and aspiration pneumonia is a severe pneumonia caused by aspiration of food particles. If aspiration happens repeatedly or massively, it can cause aspiration pneumonia. In developed nations, the incidence of aspiration pneumonia has been rapidly increasing. For example, pneumonia has become the third leading cause of death in Japan with 80% of cases being those of aspiration pneumonia in elderly people (Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan 2014). Although efforts to prevent aspiration and aspiration pneumonia are urgently required, such efforts have not been very effective, because the biomechanics involved in swallowing is still relatively unknown.
Randomized comparison of the Baska FESS mask and the LMA Supreme in different head and neck positions
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2018
Li Lian Foo, Ina Ismiarti Shariffuddin, Sook Hui Chaw, Pui Kuan Lee, Chong En Lee, Yi Shang Chen, Lucy Chan
This study was approved by the University of Malaya Medical Ethics Committee (UMREC Number: 20163–2317) and prospective trial registration done on the Australian–New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (Trial Number: ACTRN12616001263482). A total of 100 adult patients from University of Malaya Medical Centre between the ages of 18 and 70, of ASA Classification I–III, scheduled for elective surgical procedures under general anesthesia were recruited. The exclusion criteria were surgery in the non-supine position, known or predicted difficult airway, morbid obesity with BMI >35kg/m2, patients with increased risk of gastric aspiration (such as inadequate fasting time, pregnancy, expected operation time >3 h, upper gastrointestinal tract surgery, and hiatus hernia), patients with active upper respiratory tract infection or pneumonia, patients with neck injury, at risk for neck instability (such as rheumatoid arthritis or Down’s syndrome) or reduced range of neck movement, and patients with vertebral artery occlusion.
Identification of muscle activities involved in hyoid bone movement during swallowing using computer simulation
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2023
Takahiro Kikuchi, Yukihiro Michiwaki, Hideyuki Azegami
Aspiration pneumonia and choking are caused by a normal swallowing failure. The prevention of swallowing failure is difficult because the mechanisms for the motion of swallowing have not been clarified. Organ motions related to swallowing consist of the following six elements: tongue feeding movement, upward and posterior elevation of the soft palate, upward movement and contraction of the pharynx, closure of the larynx, dilation of the oesophageal entrance, and movement of the hyoid bone and thyroid and cricoid cartilages (hyoid-laryngeal complex). As for these movements, the relationship between the time change of muscle activity, organ movements resulting from muscle activity and food bolus transportation as an outcome of organ movements, is not clear.