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Feedstock Composition and Properties
Published in James G. Speight, Handbook of Petrochemical Processes, 2019
Unlike other categories of crude oil products (such as naphtha, kerosene, and the higher-boiling products) (Speight, 2014a; ASTM, 2018; Speight, 2017), the constituents of the various gas streams can be evaluated, and the results of the constituent evaluation can then be used to estimate the behavior of the gas (ASTM, 2018; Speight, 2018). The constituents used to evaluate the behavior of the gas are: (i) the C1–C4 hydrocarbon derivatives, (ii) the C5–C6 hydrocarbon derivatives, although in natural gas the C1–C4 constituents predominate, and (iii) the asphyxiant gases, i.e., carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and hydrogen. In general, most gas streams used in this text are composed of predominantly the methane (C1) to butane (C4) hydrocarbon derivatives, which have extremely low melting points and boiling points.
Reactive astrogliosis in the dentate gyrus of mice exposed to active volcanic environments
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2021
A. Navarro, M. García, A.S. Rodrigues, P.V. Garcia, R. Camarinho, Y. Segovia
The Azores archipelago (Portugal) is formed by nine volcanic islands, some of which exhibit numerous manifestations of active volcanism. The largest one, São Miguel Island has three major active volcanos: Sete Cidades, Fogo, and Furnas. Furnas volcano activity is characterized by hydrothermal manifestations such as fumarolic fields, thermal and cold carbon dioxide (CO2)-rich springs and soil degasification. Furnas volcano primary components of total gaseous emissions include vapor (H2O) and CO2 (Amaral and Rodrigues 2011), but radon (222Rn), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and other gases are also released into the environment. Carbon dioxide emissions are approximately 1000 tonnes/day (Viveiros et al. 2010). This is an asphyxiant gas also considered as an activator of inflammatory processes (Coakley et al. 2002; Norozian et al. 2011). Several investigators demonstrated that CO2 inhalation leads to a blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption and therefore, to brain edema (Cameron, Davson, and Segal 1969; Clemedson, Hartelius, and Holmberg 1958; Cutler and Barlow 1966; Huang et al. 2013; Pakulski 1998).