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Exosomes in Cancer Disease, Progression, and Drug Resistance
Published in Vladimir Torchilin, Handbook of Materials for Nanomedicine, 2020
Taraka Sai Pavan Grandhi, Rajeshwar Nitiyanandan, Kaushal Rege
In many gastrointestinal cancers there is an accumulation of fluid containing cancer cells and are known as malignant ascites. Most patients who present the disease with malignant ascites have a poor disease prognosis. Dai et al. [122] used exosomes derived from the ascites in order to induce an immune response against colorectal cancers. They observed that these exosomes consisted of multiple immunomodulatory biomarkers including carcinoembroynic antigen a.k.a. CEA and also other proteins including heat shock proteins (HSPs). The malignant ascites were removed from 40 patients suffering from colorectal cancers (CRCs) and then used to isolate these ascite-derived exosomes (AEX) via sucrose gradient centrifugation. The patients were injected with these AEX alone or AEX along with GM-CSF weekly once for 4 weeks. Most patients injected with these exosomes presented very mild side effects. It was observed that AEX alone produced a mild antigen specific antitumor response but AEX at lower dosages in combination with GM-CSF produced a much better response leading to tumor regression. The above findings suggest that exosomes are capable of producing a strong immune response against tumor cells in multiple cancer types.
Efficacy of polyvinylpyrrolidone-capped gold nanorods against 7,12 dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced oviduct and endometrial cancers in albino rats
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2023
Hend Gamal, Walid Tawfik, Hassan H El-Sayyad, Heba Mohamed Fahmy, Ahmed N. Emam, Heba A El-Ghaweet
In addition, clinical symptoms were detected during the collection of samples. Only a few animals showed intestinal adhesions. The tumors were discovered to be attached to the tissues around them. This study showed that the female reproductive tract cancer rat model created by DMBA had several traits similar to those of uterine cancer patients. Cells from uterine cancer shed into the ascites and spread locally, mainly to the small bowel mesentery, omentum, peritoneal wall and diaphragm. The rat model used in this study likewise demonstrated this diffuse metastasis [30]. In individuals with advanced cancer, ascites are associated with a bad prognosis. Later, these rats experienced cachexia, weight loss, bloody ascites and abdominal mass. This study established that histological mammary lesions appeared in mice exposed to DMBA.
Evaluation of anti-tumor activity of metformin against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in Swiss albino mice
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2019
Om-Ali Elkhawaga, Sara Gebril, Nivin Salah
By 2040, 27.5 million new cases of malignancy are expected annually if the current prevalence of cancer and global population continue to grow at the same rate [1]. In many types of cancer, ascites is a prognostic indication of advanced stage; just of cancer patients who are diagnosed with ascites live beyond a further six months [2]. Combination therapy has become the base of cancer therapy [3]. Fundamentally, the combined agents work in a synergistic or additive manner, and thus, the required therapeutic dose of each agent is low [4]. The treatment with multiple agents enhances the possibility to target all cancer cells including cancer stem cells that is responsible for drug resistance and cancer recurrence [5]. Conversely, the treatment with a constant single therapeutic agent triggers alternative salvage pathways in the cancer cell which confers a subsequent drug resistance [6]. Unfortunately; most of the existing combined chemotherapy drugs for cancer are still relatively limited due to the toxicity effect on healthy cells [7]. The pursuit of safe and alternative chemo-adjuvants work in different anti-cancer mechanisms for combination therapy becomes necessary.