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Health Aspects of Using Reclaimed Water in Engineering Projects
Published in Donald R. Rowe, Isam Mohammed Abdel-Magid, Handbook of Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse, 2020
Donald R. Rowe, Isam Mohammed Abdel-Magid
Ascariasis is a disease that is caused by Ascaris lumbricoides, an intestinal roundworm sometimes found in man. The worms survive in the small intestine where they lay a large number of eggs that are discharged with the feces of the infected person. The eggs may contaminate vegetables and crops grown on soil where sludges or nightsoil are used as a fertilizer or as a soil conditioner. If raw vegetables and crops are eaten the parasite is transferred to the consumer. The eggs then penetrate the jejunum where the larvae hatch, then enter the mucosa, and pass through the hepatic circulation to the heart and the lungs of the host. In the heart and lungs the worm larvae develop, and gradually reach the alveoli which are located deep in the lungs. They further invade the stomach via the trachea and esophagus, and proceed to the small intestine. In the small intestine the larvae grow to maturity.
Ascariasis Incidence in Children who Received Single and Repeated Educational Lectures
Published in Cut Adeya Adella, Stem Cell Oncology, 2018
M.A. Boediman, M. Lubis, O.R. Ramayani, P.D.H. Simbolon
The incidence of soil-transmitted helminths (STH) in developing countries remains high. The main cause of intestinal parasitic infections is Ascaris lumbricoides (Clarke et al., 2017; Yap et al., 2016). The groups most vulnerable to this infection are school-age children, with an intensity peaking in the 5-14 year-age group (Yap et al., 2016). Among STH, ascariasis is the most common worm infection, with an estimated worldwide incidence of 25% (0.8 to 1.22 billion people) (Bethony et al., 2006).
The use of a risk assessment tool based on the Sanitation Safety Planning approach for the improvement of O&M procedures of a wastewater treatment plant in Tanzania
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2019
Andrea Frattarola, Marta Domini, Sabrina Sorlini
In low-income countries, only 8% of wastewater undergoes treatment of any kind (UN-Water 2017). This is mainly due to the high costs of treatment processes and lack or poor enforcement of environmental regulations. The most widely used treatment systems in low-income countries are stabilization ponds, due to the low cost of their installation and maintenance, and the optimum climatic conditions of many developing countries (Mara 2003; Ujang and Henze 2006). Well-designed and well-operated stabilization ponds can achieve almost total removal of helminths, enteric bacteria and viruses, leaving an odor free effluent suitable for agriculture (Kivaisi 2001). On the other hand, partially and inefficiently treated effluents released into the environment can contaminate downstream ground and surface water making it unsafe for drinking and domestic uses. In addition to risks for the environment and communities by using potentially contaminated water, wastewater and excreta pose risks to the workers of the sector. These include employees in emptying services or at treatment plants, as well as farmers re-using poorly treated or untreated wastewater and excreta in agriculture. The most common diseases associated with wastewater and excreta are diarrhea, helminthiases, ascariasis, cholera, salmonellosis, typhoid, and others (Drechsel et al.2009). Several studies demonstrated the relation between untreated wastewater and excreta in agriculture with diseases such as gastrointestinal or helminth infections to consumers of crops, farm workers, and their families (Carr 2001; Blumenthal and Peasey 2002; Harris et al.2003; Keraita et al.2008; Bos et al.2010; Qadir et al.2010; Levy et al.2011; Dickin et al.2016). The latter also show that wastewater treatment prior to use can reduce risks connected with human health: the type and the extent of treatment in order to safely manage and reuse wastewater and excreta were described in the Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater (WHO 2006). WHO published in 2015 (WHO 2015) the Sanitation Safety Planning (SSP) manual, a step-by-step risk-based approach assisting the implementation of the 2006 WHO Guidelines.