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Centralized Endothelial Mechanobiology, Endothelial Dysfunction, and Atherosclerosis
Published in Jiro Nagatomi, Eno Essien Ebong, Mechanobiology Handbook, 2018
Ian Chandler Harding, Eno Essien Ebong
Another method used to study disturbed flow in vivo is arteriovenous fistula, where an end-to-side anastomosis is performed between a vein and an artery such as the carotid artery [217]. This induces an increase in blood flow and shear stress within the artery. An example of a less advanced in vivo method is complete ligation of one of the two common carotid arteries, which blocks flow in the ligated artery and increases flow in the contralateral artery [218,219]. A final method for studying the effects of low or high shear stress on ECs is ex vivo perfusion of isolated vessels [220]. In this technique, isolated segments of a vessel of interest are connected to a closed-loop flow circuit and perfused with media. This has the benefit of enabling more control of perfusion parameters (flow velocity, shear stress, waveform, etc.).
Disorders of Hearing
Published in Anthony N. Nicholson, The Neurosciences and the Practice of Aviation Medicine, 2017
Linda M. Luxon, Ronald Hinchcliffe
Tinnitus is defined as the perception of a sound that originates from within the body rather than the external world and is described as subjective when it is perceived only by the patient, and objective when the sound may be audible externally, as a consequence of a physical source such as palatal myoclonus, an arteriovenous fistula or turbulent blood flow through a stenotic artery. A distinction is made between tinnitus ‘presence’ and tinnitus ‘complaint’. Occasional tinnitus is an almost universal perception. Tinnitus ‘complaint’ and intrusiveness have been shown to have no direct correlation with psychoacoustic changes in the inner ear, but a strong correlation with psychological factors (Hinchcliffe and King, 1992; Ćeramć and Luxon, 2008).
The effect of assumed boundary conditions on the accuracy of patient-specific CFD arteriovenous fistula model
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2023
Olivia Ng, Sanjiv D. Gunasekera, Shannon D. Thomas, Ramon L. Varcoe, Tracie J. Barber
The arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the optimal form of vascular access for end-stage renal disease patients to enable haemodialysis treatment (ANZDATA Registry 2018). The radial-cephalic AVF, located at the forearm, connects the radial artery and the cephalic vein at the anastomosis (Konner et al. 2003). Despite being the gold standard of vascular access for haemodialysis treatment (Santoro et al. 2014), AVFs suffer from complications such as stenosis or the formation of intimal hyperplasia (IH), ischaemia or dialysis-associated steal syndrome (Wiese and Nonnast-Daniel 2004; Bavare et al. 2013). Access dysfunction due to IH formation, causing narrowing in a vessel that eventually leads to AVF failure, is most common. 45% of AVFs succumbing to either primary or secondary failure (Schinstock et al. 2011), with the former defined as AVF failing to mature sufficiently from creation and the latter as the lifetime of the AVF from the first time of access to abandonment (Sidawy et al. 2002) and about 40% of AVFs requiring surgical intervention to maintain patency (Al-Jaishi et al. 2014).
A survival guide for endovascular declotting in dialysis access: procedures, devices, and a statistical analysis of 3,000 cases
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2018
Panagiotis M. Kitrou, Konstantinos Katsanos, Panagiotis Papadimatos, Stavros Spiliopoulos, Dimitris Karnabatidis
Thrombosis of an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) or arteriovenous graft (AVG) is the most important and serious access-related complication for dialysis patients. Most frequent etiology for thrombosis is stenosis within the access circuit, along with other factors contributing to the event like hypotension, dehydration, infection, and compression [1]. Thus, vascular access thrombosis should be considered a serious adverse event and be treated as quickly as possible, ideally before the next dialysis session primarily in order to avoid the need for central venous catheter placement [2]. Time between thrombosis and declotting is an independent predictor of patency [3].