China
Africa
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Role of Microfluidics-Based Point-of-Care Testing (POCT) for Clinical Applications
Published in Raju Khan, Chetna Dhand, S. K. Sanghi, Shabi Thankaraj Salammal, A. B. P. Mishra, Advanced Microfluidics-Based Point-of-Care Diagnostics, 2022
Arpana Parihar, Dipesh Singh Parihar, Pushpesh Ranjan, Raju Khan
The WHO has stressed the importance of developing POC devices for HIV/AIDS diagnosis and monitoring in resource-constrained areas [35]. These POC devices have the potential to be designed as an accurate, low-cost, and disposable platform for counting CD4+ T-lymphocytes and HIV viral load [36–38]. The POC device must detect and count fewer than 200 CD4+ cells per liter of blood and 400 copies of HIV per liter of blood for clinical applications [39]. Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) aims to suppress virus replication, slowing the progression of HIV infection to disease (AIDS) and increasing the number of CD4+ T-lymphocytes [35,40]. As a result, HIV is monitored using CD4+ T-lymphocyte counting and viral load quantification. Traditional techniques, such as costly flow cytometry and quantitative PCR, have many drawbacks, including a long diagnostic time and the requirement for a well-trained technician [41].
Emerging Diseases
Published in Gary S. Moore, Kathleen A. Bell, Living with the Earth, 2018
Gary S. Moore, Kathleen A. Bell
Although treatments continue to enter the war on AIDS including reverse transcriptase inhibitors (AZT), and protease inhibitors, these drugs are likely to produce severe side effects, while HIV may become resistant to many of them. A number of drugs are also available to treat many of the opportunistic infections that are likely to arise when the immune system is compromised. There are currently 86 medications used to treat or reduce the symptoms of HIV.132 Treatment with HIV medicines is called antiretroviral therapy (ART). ART is recommended for everyone with HIV. People on ART are usually treated with a combination of HIV medicines (called an HIV regimen) every day. Treatment normally begins with an HIV regimen that includes three HIV medicines from at least two different drug classes. These are treatments are not a cure but can help people live longer and reduce the risk of transmitting the disease to another person.133 No vaccine has been successfully introduced to date, and the best recommendation is to avoid high risk behaviors that include unprotected sex or the sharing of needles.
Anti-HIV Agents
Published in Mihai V. Putz, New Frontiers in Nanochemistry, 2020
These drug classes are usually used in combination, and their combinations are called antiretroviral therapy (ART), combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) or highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Today, typical combinations include two NRTIs and one NNRTI/PI/INSTI (Moore et al., 1999; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2015).
An indirect prioritization approach to optimizing sample referral networks for HIV early infant diagnosis
Published in IISE Transactions, 2022
Reut Noham, Michal Tzur, Dan Yamin
Those newly born, who can acquire the virus during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding (De Cock et al. 2000), have the highest risk of dying from HIV. The mortality probability of untreated infected infants exceeds 30% during their first year of life and reaches 60% by the age of 3 years (Newell et al.,2004). Anti-Retroviral Treatment (ART) is used to suppress HIV, stop its progression, and prevent further transmission. Significant reductions in the rates of death and infections have been observed under ART, particularly when it is initiated in the early stages of the disease (Violari et al.,2008). Thus, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends ART for all individuals with HIV in general and infants in particular as soon as possible after diagnosis (Dickover et al., 1996; Egger et al.,1997; Mocroft et al., 1998; Hogg et al., 1999; Hogg et al., 2001).