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Optical Nanosensors
Published in Vinod Kumar Khanna, Nanosensors, 2021
FRET is suited to measuring changes in relative distances, instead of absolute distances, making it appropriate for measuring protein conformational changes (change in shape of a macromolecule in response to its environment or other factors; each possible shape is called a conformation, and a transition between them is called a conformational change), monitoring protein interactions and assaying enzyme activity (determining enzyme kinetics). Several groups have attempted to use QDs in FRET technologies, particularly when conjugated to biological molecules, including antibodies, for use in immunoassays. These are highly sensitive and specific chemical tests conducted for detecting or quantifying a specific substance, the analyte, in a blood or body fluid sample, using an immunological reaction. Their high specificity arises from the use of antibodies and purified antigens as reagents. An antibody is a protein (immunoglobulin) produced by B-lymphocytes (immune cells) in response to stimulation by an antigen. Immunoassays measure the formation of antibody–antigen complexes and detect them via an indicator reaction.
Biologic Drug Substance and Drug Product Manufacture
Published in Anthony J. Hickey, Sandro R.P. da Rocha, Pharmaceutical Inhalation Aerosol Technology, 2019
Ajit S. Narang, Mary E. Krause, Shelly Pizarro, Joon Chong Yee
In the body, an antibody is a protein produced by β-lymphocytes in response to substances recognized as foreign (“antigens”). Antibodies recognize and bind to antigens, resulting in their inactivation or opsonization (binding of antibody to the membrane surface of invading pathogen, thus marking it for phagocytosis) or complement-mediated destruction. Antibodies are also known as immunoglobulins (abbreviated Ig) since they are immune-response proteins that are globular proteins (compact with higher orders of structure and hydrophilic surface making them soluble; as opposed to fibrous proteins, which have predominantly secondary structure and are insoluble). Of the five major types of antibodies (Table 8.1), immunoglobulin G (IgG) is preferred for therapeutic applications due to its wide distribution and function.
Cellular and Molecular Basis of Human Biology
Published in Lawrence S. Chan, William C. Tang, Engineering-Medicine, 2019
B-lymphocytes. Also a major contributor of the adaptive immune response, B-lymphocytes or B-cells are the precursors of makers of antibodies. Through interaction with T-cells, B-cells mature and became committed antibody-producing cells, plasma cells. Antibodies are responsible for many immune defense against viral infection and can also become a destructive force when they take on the role of auto-antibodies against the human host. In a later chapter of this book, students will learn how investigators are utilizing precision medicine method to construct a superior way of making vaccination by harvesting and analyzing human monoclonal antibodies against infections (Chapter 12).
Progress in spray-drying of protein pharmaceuticals: Literature analysis of trends in formulation and process attributes
Published in Drying Technology, 2021
Joana T. Pinto, Eva Faulhammer, Johanna Dieplinger, Michael Dekner, Christian Makert, Marco Nieder, Amrit Paudel
Antibody proteins have the ability to bind with a high specificity and affinity to a variety of molecules.[8] In the human body, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) act as a defence against antigens. Since the first large scale production of mAbs,[9] the rapid technological advancement in the field has resulted in mAbs dominating the pharmaceutical market and pipelines, especially in recent years. Commercially available mAbs are used to treat a wide variety of diseases: from cancer to auto-immune diseases and respiratory disorders.[10] While all the commercial formulations of mAbs are produced by freeze-drying, spray-drying could represent a more cost-effective way of processing these products and revolutionize their manufacturing. Thus, there have been a major stride and intensive research and developmental effort in employing spray-drying to mAbs.[11–36]
Advances of engineered extracellular vesicles-based therapeutics strategy
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2022
Hiroaki Komuro, Shakhlo Aminova, Katherine Lauro, Masako Harada
The use of monoclonal antibodies for cancer therapy has been of great interest and development [263–265]. Antibodies act to obtain specific targeting of drugs in the form of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). They have sufficient antitumor activity to be approved and used in clinical practice. However, there are concerns that chemically binding antibodies to drugs may lead to drug inactivation and problems with drug release after the conjugate is taken up by cancer cells. Modified antibodies on the EVs membrane may circumvent these problems because the drug is encapsulated by the EV rather than the drug and the antibody is covalently bound. There is no set method for conjugating antibodies to EVs, but some methods used before include fusing C1C2 to an anti-EGFR antibody as seen in Koojimans et al [134]. Alternatively, Li et al. used a chemical approach that involved coating the EVs with antibodies by isolating them from A33 positive LIM1215 cells. The researchers then loaded the EVs with therapeutic doxorubicin and then combined them with SPIONS that were coupled with A33 antibodies [266]. The aim was that the A33 antibodies would bind to A33 positive EVs to achieve A33 targeting, as A33 is highly expressed in colorectal cancers. Pham et al. in contrast did not use a genetic or chemical approach to surface engineering antibodies on EVs, but rather an enzymatic method [267]. The researchers used Sortase A and OaAEP1, protein ligating enzymes, to conjugate EVs with anti-EGFR antibodies to achieve targeted delivery to EGFR positive lung cancer cells and mice. Therefore, antibody use in conjugation with EVs shows a lot of potential for targeted drug delivery.
Human immune system inspired framework for disruption handling in manufacturing Process
Published in International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 2019
Z.A. Khan, M T Khan, I Ul Haq, J Iqbal, M Tufail
The purpose of the antibody is to load pathogen and render it harmless or destroy it. In the proposed approach, once fault has been detected and identified as real or virtual, it is presented to an antibody agent to identify whether the fault is static or dynamic. The detected disruptions are further coordinated between B and T responses as mentioned in Figure 7 and weights are assigned to these disruptions. It takes as an input, matrices resulted from the dot products given in Eqs (9) and (10).