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Designing for Lower Torso and Leg Anatomy
Published in Karen L. LaBat, Karen S. Ryan, Human Body, 2019
At the distal end, the descending colon makes an S-shaped curve to connect with the rectum in the posterior central pelvis. The rectum ends in the anal canal and anus, where the digestive system exits the body, controlled by the muscular anal sphincter. The circular sphincter serves to open and close the anus, releasing or retaining the feces. Infants wear diapers until their nervous systems allow them to control the sphincters. Poor control of the anal sphincter can require an adult to wear an incontinence management product (IMP) a padded underwear-like garment to collect and absorb feces and/or urine. The anus lies in the perineal region (Figure 5.3) in front of the coccyx (tailbone). The anus’ location is identical in men and women. In the anatomical position, the plane of the anus is tilted somewhat posteriorly as seen in Figure 5.1 (Drake, Vogl, & Mitchell, 2015, p. 502). It is useful for IMP designers to know that the anus lies in a different plane than the other openings in the perineal region (see Sections 5.3 and 5.4).
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Published in Reginald L. Campbell, Roland E. Langford, Terry L. McArthur, Fundamentals of Hazardous Materials Incidents, 2020
Reginald L. Campbell, Roland E. Langford, Terry L. McArthur
The small intestine then joins to the large intestines, collectively called the colon. The colon is chiefly a storage location, although there is a small amount of water transfer into and out of the colon. The food is mixed with mucus and bacteria and becomes waste matter called feces. When the feces reach the rectum, which is normally empty, the desire to eliminate becomes great (usually after about 36 hours). When the muscles of the anus open, the wastes are passed to the outside of the body, and the process of digestion and elimination is complete.
Personal watercraft (PWC) injury hazards – analyses, technical advancements, and continuing safety challenges
Published in Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 2020
David R. Lenorovitz, Edward W. Karnes, Brian Haygood
The other class or type of PWC accidents being addressed herein are ones involving a person’s coming into direct contact with the vessel’s high-pressure water jet. Many of those incidents resulted from a PWC’s pressurized water jet contacting some portion of an ejected rider’s body following that person’s falling into the water immediately behind the craft as it was accelerating from a stationary or slow-moving position. This pressurized water jet force, impacting directly upon a person’s skin, or sometimes impinging on an insufficiently protective layer of body-covering material, could be high enough to bruise, lacerate, or penetrate affected areas of the skin, or even damage underlying body tissues or organs (Freeman, Everson, and Kohles 2013). Because these impact areas have sometimes included vulnerably exposed body openings or orifices (e.g., lower body openings such as the anus or vagina) these water pressure injury incidents have commonly been referred to as Orifice Injury or Water-Intrusion (OI or WI) hazard incidents.
Windows of sensitivity to toxic chemicals in the development of reproductive effects: an analysis of ATSDR’s toxicological profile database
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2018
Melanie C Buser, Henry G Abadin, John L Irwin, Hana R Pohl
AGD is the distance from the anus to the genitalia, i.e. the base of the penis or vagina. AGD is regulated by dihydrotestosterone and can be, therefore, affected by endocrine disruptors (Gray et al. 1999; Mylchreest et al. 2000). Measuring AGD in neonates has been used as a noninvasive method to determine male feminization (AGD is shorter in females); this has been well characterized in experimental animal studies (Figure 7) and has been used more recently to predict reproductive disorders in humans. In a study on boys who underwent operations for hypospadias repair, Cox et al. (2016) reported a positive correlation between the shortness of AGD and the severity of hypospadias.