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Microbiological, West Nile Virus, and Lyme Disease
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 5, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Psychiatric disorders other than depression may also have characteristic functional imaging patterns. In obsessive–compulsive disorder, functional imaging studies may show increased flow in the frontal cortex and the caudate.128 In schizophrenia, patients with positive symptoms (delusions, hallucinations) may have temporal-lobe hypoperfusion, while patients with negative symptoms (amotivation, flat affect) may have frontal-lobe hypoperfusion.129,130
Whistleblowing against doping in sport: A cross-national study on the effects of motivation and sportspersonship orientations on whistleblowing intentions
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2021
Vassilis Barkoukis, Dmitriy Bondarev, Lambros Lazuras, Sabina Shakverdieva, Despoina Ourda, Konstantin Bochaver, Anna Robson
Whistleblowing may be driven by both self-interest and prosocial motives but, ultimately, serves a social purpose: to eliminate wrongdoing in a given organization, group, or setting (Roberts, 2014). As such, whistleblowing can, among others, be determined by individual differences in higher-order motivational regulations (Ugaddan & Park, 2019). In the context of whistleblowing against ADRVs in sport, motivation may reflect athletes’ self-determination, as well as achievement goal orientations. Self-determination draws on Self-Determination Theory (SDT; Deci & Ryan, 2002) and distinguishes between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and amotivation. Intrinsic motivation is driven by internal factors, such as genuine interest, joy and curiosity. Extrinsic motivation refers to motivation driven by external drivers, such as rewards, praise, and recognition by others. Amotivation reflects the lack of either intrinsic or extrinsic motivation to engage in an activity and is characterized by feelings of helplessness and incompetence (Deci & Ryan, 2008).
Childhood practice and play as determinants of adolescent intrinsic and extrinsic motivation among elite youth athletes
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2019
The DMSP postulated that “high amounts of deliberate play [self-led sport play; authors’ note] during childhood provides a solid base of intrinsic motivation on which to ground self-regulated participation in future sport activities” (Côté & Erickson, 2015, p. 311). Drawing on the self-determination theory (Ryan & Deci, 2017), Côté and colleagues assumed that intrinsically rewarding (enjoyment) and autonomously controlled self-led play fosters future intrinsic motivation of a youngster. Self-determination theory suggested that the intrinsic and extrinsic components of motivation are organised on a continuum of different degrees of self-determination: Intrinsic motivation (an activity is done for the inherent pleasure and satisfaction derived from doing the activity); extrinsic identified motivation (consequences of an activity are congruent with individual values and beliefs, the activity is internally regulated); extrinsic introjected motivation (individuals internalise the reasons for a behaviour and the behaviour is motivated by internal pressures such as feeling shame or guilt); and external regulation (behaviour is regulated by external rewards or constraints). Amotivation refers to a lack of both, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. High degrees of autonomous, self-determined regulation may be associated with enjoyment, well-being, effort, prolonged engagement and performance (Clancy, Herring, & Campbell, 2017; Ryan & Deci, 2017; Vallerand & Miquelon, 2007, for reviews).
A Qualitative Research of Young People’s Motivation to Start, Continue, Reduce and Quit Playing Online Multiplayer Games on Computer
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2022
Aysun Kahraman, İpek Kazançoğlu
According to SDT, motivation is divided into amotivation-condition of lacking motivation, intrinsic motivation, which consists of the innate self that directs a person to a certain behavior for the natural pleasure gained from a certain activity, and extrinsic motivation, behavior that is controlled by external such as rewards or external authority to perform a behavior for a specific purpose (Deci & Ryan, 2000; Ryan & Deci, 2000b; Shahab et al., 2021). Amotivation is a state of lack of motivation, which means that the individual feels inadequate, indifferent, and irrelevant in initiating his behavior (Ryan & Deci, 2000b).